Determinants of Productivity :: essays research papers

Determinants of Productivity Determinants of Productivity Productivity is the quantity of output formed by one unit of production input in a unit of time. Inputs used in the production of the goods and services are the major determinants of any country’s productivity they are also called factors of production. There are four major determinants of productivity of any country’s economy.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Land: the land itself, and raw materials such as oil and minerals beneath it. The natural resources that is available without alteration or effort on the part of humans. Land as a resource includes only unique fertility and mineral deposits, topography, climate, water and vegetation. Trees grown are not categorized as land because they have been deliberately grown on the other hand Trees in a natural rainforest are a natural resource and thus classify as land. The reward for letting others use land is called rent.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Labor: In order to produce the things, a human resource must be used. human resources consist of the productive aid of labor made by individuals who work—for instance, miners, artists, and professional baseball players. The contribution of labor to the production process can be amplified. Whenever potential workers obtain schooling and training and whenever actual workers acquire new skills, labor’s contribution to productive output will raise. In other words it is human effort, mental or physical. The reward to labor is label wages.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capital: When labor is applied to land to grow wheat, for instance, something else is used. Generally it is a plow or a tractor. That is to say, land and labor are shared with manufactured resources in order to produce the things that we need. These manufactured resources are called capital, which consists of machines, buildings, and tools. Additionally, capital consists of enhancement to natural resources, such as irrigation ditches. Money is used to buy factors of production – it is not a factor itself. The return for investing in capital is called interest.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enterprise or Entrepreneurship: The fourth factor of production, involving human resources that carry out the functions of raising capital, organizing, managing, bringing together other factors of production, and making fundamental business policy decisions. Determinants of Productivity :: essays research papers Determinants of Productivity Determinants of Productivity Productivity is the quantity of output formed by one unit of production input in a unit of time. Inputs used in the production of the goods and services are the major determinants of any country’s productivity they are also called factors of production. There are four major determinants of productivity of any country’s economy.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Land: the land itself, and raw materials such as oil and minerals beneath it. The natural resources that is available without alteration or effort on the part of humans. Land as a resource includes only unique fertility and mineral deposits, topography, climate, water and vegetation. Trees grown are not categorized as land because they have been deliberately grown on the other hand Trees in a natural rainforest are a natural resource and thus classify as land. The reward for letting others use land is called rent.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Labor: In order to produce the things, a human resource must be used. human resources consist of the productive aid of labor made by individuals who work—for instance, miners, artists, and professional baseball players. The contribution of labor to the production process can be amplified. Whenever potential workers obtain schooling and training and whenever actual workers acquire new skills, labor’s contribution to productive output will raise. In other words it is human effort, mental or physical. The reward to labor is label wages.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capital: When labor is applied to land to grow wheat, for instance, something else is used. Generally it is a plow or a tractor. That is to say, land and labor are shared with manufactured resources in order to produce the things that we need. These manufactured resources are called capital, which consists of machines, buildings, and tools. Additionally, capital consists of enhancement to natural resources, such as irrigation ditches. Money is used to buy factors of production – it is not a factor itself. The return for investing in capital is called interest.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enterprise or Entrepreneurship: The fourth factor of production, involving human resources that carry out the functions of raising capital, organizing, managing, bringing together other factors of production, and making fundamental business policy decisions.

Managerial Skills

Time is an important resource in an organization; and a manager has to concentrate on effectively handling this resource.   One of the biggest problems in an organization would be to manage the time allocated to complete the work.   Only a few managers are able to handle this resource effectively.   A manager would have to determine the time taken for each process to be completed.   He would then have to determine ways in which the processes can be speeded up, and the effects the process of speeding up the workflow would have on the quality and the staff members.The manager may have to allocated several resources to effectively handle time such as human resources, logistics, support systems, IT systems, etc.   He would also have to identify the factors responsible for wasting time including telephone calls, personal visitors, unnecessary meetings, chatting of the staff members, indecisive staff, procrastination, problem situations, crisis situations, lack of communication, lack of rest, stress, poor technical knowledge and skills, poor planning and strategic management, not having a proper assistant to perform work, etc.   The organization may also have to change its policies in order to better manage time.   The manager should ensure that the staff members are not stressed too much (Total Success, 2007).A pretest measurement would help to determine the baseline data, before any activity is conducted.   It can be later compared to the posttest measurement.   The results would demonstrate the effectiveness of the activity.   In this way the manager would be studying the effectiveness of the activity.   Before a manager has a time management system in place, he would have to conduct a test to determine the baseline data (SBU, 2007).  A good pretest tool would be a questionnaire given to each staff member of how they manage time.   This is a good example of a pretest tool (SBU, 2007): –1. Time spend on sleeping:2. Time spend on per sonal hygiene3. Time spend on cooking/eating:4. Time taken to travel:5. Actual time spend in the office:6.   Time spend to complete one unit of work7.   Actual time allocated to complete the work:8.   Quality standards achieved:9.  Ã‚   Quality standards required:10.   Time spend in the office doing personal work:11.   Ways in which the time gets wasted:The staff members could also use a time used chart, in which every alternate hour or so they would enter the activity preformed (UMD, 2006): –The management can improve the time management using several strategies: –Having a strong plan in mind.   The manager should ensure he takes into consideration the resources available and the processes that would be involved during the performance of work. Using interactive software tools that can help the staff members to identify what has to be done, and within what amount of time it should be completed. Managers can have certain schedulers to help them plan the pe rformance of tasks and even use of hardware devices.Managers and the staff member should effectively complete the task at that particular moment than wait and keep it pending.   In this way procrastination can also be reduced. Focusing and concentrating on the tasks.   The staff members should be constantly prompted of the targets that have to be achieved.The manager should plan on short-term goals, which would effectively be in line with the long-term goals. Using assistants to perform the less important task, effectively saving the time of the staff member. Prioritizing the work that has to be performed and given importance.  Having activity logs and submitting work reports (Sonic, 2002 & Total Success, 2007)After implementing the time management improvement techniques, the manager would have to use same test tools.The results obtained should be determined.   This should be compared to the pretest data.   The effectiveness of the managerial skills in bringing about appro priate time management can be determined.References:Mind Tools (2007), Time Management, Retrieved on September 29, 2007, from Mind Tools Web site: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/main/newMN_HTE.htm?Sonic (2002), Time Management Tools, Retrieved on September 29, 2007, from Sonic Web site: http://sonic.net/~mfreeman/time.htmTotal Success (2007), Time Management Manage yourself, not your time, Retrieved on September 29, 2007, from Total Success Web site: http://www.tsuccess.dircon.co.uk/timemanagementtips.htmUniversity of Minnesota Duluth (2006), Time Use Chart, Retrieved on September 29, 2007, from UMD Web site: http://www.d.umn.edu/kmc/student/loon/acad/strat/time_use_chart.html

The Military Of The United States - 2081 Words

The Military In today s military, we are experiencing more changes than ever before. The United States has separated forces, added forces and changed rules and regulations to adapt with the times. As we grow and advance so does our military. That is part of the reason they are so great, but it has its downfalls as well. The military is not only changing the way we operate, but who does the operating, honestly they have their hand in aspect of life and I will name only a few. They have also made a huge impact on the economy, gender roles and the controversy between the roles, and they are taking control in more ways than we think. September 29, 1789, is when the first official military was created. We already had the Continental Army that had fought the British in the American Revolution, but this was not an official Army. So in September of 1789 Congress sat down its first session and established the first official military and it was passed the last day of its first session. The United States Ai r-Force became a separate military service September 1947; this is when the Department of Defense was established (previously known as the National military Establishment.) The department of Defense was encompassed the Army, Navy, and the new branch the Air-Force. The Air–Force Expeditionary Force (AEF) created in the late 1990s which allowed active duty, reserve, and air National Guard to serve together; this allowed the forces to join together and complete missions, instead ofShow MoreRelatedLeadership And The Military Of The United States Military2044 Words   |  9 Pagesoxic leadership and the military The United States military has provided an integration of power to advance and defend the country’s values, objectives, and interest throughout history. Some values include training foreign military to strengthen their security forces to support their independence, responding and providing humanitarian aid such as the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, and protecting the globe through sustained operations in war on terrorism. The U. S. military currently has 1,341,441Read MoreMilitary Politics Of The United States1251 Words   |  6 Pagesis someone s grandfather. Military spending affects everyone living in the US, because the nation’s defense is what keeps us safe. Think about this- world threats are rising, and we are an international superpower. The United States need a strong defense, not a cheap one. Although increased military spending could result in more national debt issues, it would provide a strong defense network for the country and create more military job s and income. (background)Military budgeting has been a longtimeRead MoreDrones And The United States Military1647 Words   |  7 PagesDrones have been one of the most controversial Military topics in the past ten years. Drones are planes that can be controlled by someone from many miles away. In the past few years, drones have been killing terrorists in the Middle East without putting U.S. military lives in danger. The United States Military should increase use of Drones because they can go places that are unsafe for a human, and save not only a soldier’s life, but also cost less money to manufacture than supplying ground troopsRead MoreThe United States And Military Weapons963 Words   |  4 Pages1) The United States it could be argued has an absolute advantage in the production of military weapons, or at least in some weapon systems. Using a completely free market perspective in terms of economic freedom in general, and in particular international trade, companies should be allowe d to sell whatever and to whomever they want. Explain how this thinking is either valid or flawed. According to the article, War is Business, the United State is the largest producer and exporter of military weaponsRead MoreThe United States Military History1570 Words   |  7 PagesThis semester in military history we talked about several different topics that are very pertinent to the shaping’s of today’s military. They are mainly important whether the individual serve in the United States Army, United States Air Forces, United States Navy, or United States Marine Corps. History is the study of the past. Studying may not be interesting to some, but if you do not understand your history, you will be liable to repeating some of the same mistakes made in the past. So it is veryRead MoreThe United States Military Intervention Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pagesleftwing activists want the U.S. to increase its military presence in Syria? Do they want the U.S. to keep arming so-called rebel forces? Are leftists actually calling for further military intervention in Syria? Am I processing this correctly? Already, over 12 nations have bombed Syria, with horrific results. Are we asking for more bombs, but from different planes? What principles are activists operating under? Remember, the U.S. military, like all military forces in the world, is a force for deathRead MoreThe United States Military Bases1436 Words   |  6 PagesFor roughly 1% of the United States population, the past 10 years have been an ever changing experience serving across the world. On September 11, 2001, the United States was attacked by a terrorist organization residing in Afghanistan. The United States Armed forces were called upon to fight a war against terrorism. In May 2003, this conflict extended to Iraq, which was acting as a safe zone for many of the world’s terrorists. Since that time, more than 70,000 contractors and sub-contractors haveRead MoreThe United States Military Operations1694 Words   |  7 Pagespeople disagree that the military actions taken by the United State (U.S) in Afghanistan was not justified considering soldiers and civilian’s causalities, the waste of time and equally so the mismanagement of resources. As a result, there are stupendou s argument or proof to support these facts contradictorily; there are even stronger and amazing points of view that support the justifications of military presence by the U.S. in Afghanistan. The main reasons for the military operation by the U.S. inRead MoreEssay on The United States Military 988 Words   |  4 PagesThe United states Military is made up of Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard branches, however the Army is the only branch that has ever issued a conscription or draft and has done so many times during its wars. The Draft was abolished in 1973 in favor of an all volunteer army, but men of draft age still to this day have to register to the Selective Service System so a draft can be readily applied if needed. The draft system recruits and places men into the military during a timeRead MoreThe War Of The United States Military1092 Words   |  5 Pagesoutcomes. Despite the fact that there may be similarities and comparison between a few cases of war, a nd that there are lessons learned from past mistakes and triumphs, the United States, or any country, does not have a foolproof guideline on how to handle wars when they appear. To be Commander-in-Chief of the United States military is a massive task in and of itself, without adding all the additional issues the President has upon his plate throughout his presidency. To be a president as war, is always

The Positive Effects of Having Sport Activities for Prisoners

The Positive Effects of Having Sport Activities Offered For Prisoners Introduction: With many correctional facilities in the United States providing some recreational and sport activates, many have thought that it will become a growing trend. However, the continuous budget cuts that have been made are limiting their activities and programs. The benefits of sport activities can reduce the tension and stress while promoting healthy choices to the prisoners. Also Prisoners develop pride in winning in sporting events, develop social interaction skills, work as a team, or develop and improve themselves to strive for excellence (Truss Hunter, 2012). People outside of a correctional facility learn these skills in their lifetime, why can’t we offer the prisoners inside the facilities the same opportunities? Allowing prisoners the opportunities to participate in sport activities will occupy the prisoners by providing mental, physical, and emotional release and reducing the boredom of daily life in prison. The rapid growth in prison populations in most of the Western societies during the last decades has probably increased the interest in knowing the effects of sport and physical activity on prisoners and how these activities are developed in prison settings (Gehre Vonck, 2012). There are three areas in which people identify an interest about the issues. The areas are first physical activity and sports for prisoners’ health. Second, physical activity and sports for socialShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Sports Promoting Prisoner Health2533 Words   |  11 PagesMany researchers have looked how prisons promote a ‘healthy living’ and how this is implemented. Meek Lewis (2012) reviewed the role of sport promoting prisoner health through reports published between 2006- 2012 by the HMP for 142 prisons across England. The Prisons were grouped according to whether they were a juvenile, young adult, category B/C, local, high security, open, female, or immigration removal. Meek Lewis studied reports of the institutions on if there was provision and evidenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration Of Parents On Children2521 Words   |  11 Pagestough time when parents are absent from their lives and do not have people around to lean upon when they are facing problems that are internally or externally. I am trying to learn the effects, perception, knowledge, trauma, and emotion of children which face problems to facilitate a positive or negative outcome to having incarcerated parents. I want to help readers understand the reasons that children from minority families believe they will turn out to be criminals like their parents because societyRead MoreThe Era Of Mass Incarceration Essay1961 Words   |  8 Pageslimited to sports, work, rehabilitation programs, educational programs and much more. Many researchers and criminal rights advocates have attempted to increase the awareness of the effectiveness from different types of recreational programs, with many resulting in positive outcomes. Through the combination of personal observations and discoveries, based on a prison tour, and previous literary research on the topic of recreational programming in prison, I will attempt to reveal the positive, negativeRead MoreWhy Is It Important to Follow School Rules1494 Words   |  6 Pagesself-promotional. People are told over and over that school is necessary for success, so almost all graduates, and even dropouts, believe it. Selective memory and propagandic yearbooks help adults forget the negatives of school and only remember the positive, but to counter-act this process, instead of getting classmate signatures in your yearbook, you should use the blank pages in the back to document everything you hated about school. Vague edu-speak phrases such as educational excellence areRead MoreEssay on Prison Violence2678 Words   |  11 Pageshomosexual and heterosexual prisoners. It is very common for a gay person that is imprisoned for the first time to be taken by another prisoner as the stable couple. Consequently, the newcomer to the prison has to be -in the strict sense of the word- the other prisoners servant not to be everybody meat. He or she has to clean, ironing the clothes, etc. Another typical case is the one where homosexuals are forced to have sex or provide sexual favors to other prisoners under threat of hurting themRead MoreSports And Exercise Psychology Myths2236 Words   |  9 Pages Sport and Exercise Psychology Myths Timothy R. Horn Emporia State University Myths are commonly taken as fact when it comes to many of these areas of sport psychology. Coaches, teachers, and athletes will never change unless they inspect or are taught the facts and research behind these various theories and behaviors. This can be a large problem for those athletes who are instructed incorrectly, and it could potentially damage their futures in athletic competitions. Read MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 Pagespenalties. 3. The penalty must be personal in that no one should be punished for the crime of another. 4. The penalty must be legal that it is the consequence of a judgment according to law. 5. The penalty must be certain, that no one may escape its effects. 6. The penalty must be equal for all. 7. The penalty must be correctional. Preventive Imprisonment- the accused undergoes preventive imprisonment when the offense charge is non-bailable, or even if bailable he cannot furnish the required bail. SubsidiaryRead MoreProvincial Jail10855 Words   |  44 PagesEnvironmental Design 13 2.3 Literature Related to Prison Architecture History and Design 17 2.4 Literature Related to Reformation Program of the Philippines 19 2.4.1 Inmate Work Program 20 2.4.2 Education and Skills Training 20 2.4.3 Recreation and Sports 21 2.4.4 Religious Guidance 21 2.4.5 Therapeutic Community Program 21 2.5 Five components of workable reformation program: 21 2.5.1 Reception and Diagnostics Center 21 2.5.2 Classification System 21 2.5.3 Individualized treatment. 22 2Read MoreThe Movie The Night Dad 1939 Words   |  8 Pagesrelation to them. Some parents may have an issue with a child reading his book because of negative effects that come with seeing a parent going to jail, along with the fear it will happen to their parents. Against what those parents think, reading the book The Night Dad Went to Jail, helps children through bibliotherapy, and gaining a great understanding of the different impacts that come with having your parent sent to jail. Sketch is the young rabbit narrating his story about his father going toRead MoreThe Nazi Regime Of The Weimar Republic And The Creation Of A Terror State2236 Words   |  9 Pagescreation of a terror state, in which the German society was forced to conform to the regime due to the excessive use of violence, fear, and intimidation. The Nazi regime created various economic benefits, which served to disguise the detrimental effects the regime had on youth and education, the segregation of minority groups, and women s rights. Furthermore, the German population was oppressed through the consolidation of a ruthless and merciless police state. This police state served to help form

Social and Economic Effects of Hiv - 3924 Words

Social and Economic Effects of HIV/AIDS on Poverty in Africa Within the last thirty years, it has become well recognized that HIV/AIDS is a serious disease that takes many lives every year. However, we may not be getting the full story. What people dont realize is the extreme social and economic effects that result from the spread of HIV in Africa. This should be a serious concern of every person of every country, not only because of the massive loss of life, but because of the danger posed by such a powerful disease that doesn’t stop at the borders. Through the articles I have evaluated, I have come to a reasonable understanding of the suffering of those in Africa. My hope is to show the severity of the social effects like being shunned†¦show more content†¦In addition, the availability of testing ones partners for the disease would be costly and in most cases unavailable. This is just a single issue in a large web connecting AIDS and poverty. There are other just as pressing issues, such as the very low availability of medical aid (not to mention a frequent inability to pay for said medical aid), violent sexual abuse that goes unacknowledged, and living environments where many people may be in direct contact with AIDS infected family or friends without proper protection. Often, families are unable to provide even the most basic food needs for themselves and/or their children, and for those with AIDS who also cannot afford the drugs needed, this means an acceleration of the disease. Economic effects of AIDS The implications of AIDS for the economy in Africa and in the household are extensive in nature, and in the long run are effectively reducing the size of the workforce and Africas GDP. In addition, it is making the poor even more poor, forcing children into jobs, and weakening city infrastructure. According to Michael Adedigba, â€Å"HIV and AIDS cause a loss of income and lower productivity among household members.† (Adedigba, 2009) In addition, the issue is compacted extensively if the household member who contracted AIDS is the highest income earner for the family. A study done in Zambia regarding AIDS showed â€Å"that in two-thirds of the families where the father had died, monthly disposable income had fallen by moreShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Hiv Related Social Services940 Words   |  4 PagesNegative Effects of HIV Related Social Services Positive effects are always desired when implementing a social service, but often times they are not the only type of effect and many HIV related services can negatively impact people living with HIV. Some errors made by HIV related aid have been lack of geographic, economic, social, and political considerations, duplication of services provided, corruption of services, and improper education given to distributors and recipients of the HIV relatedRead MoreSocial Services During Sub Saharan Africa951 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Services Provided in Sub-Saharan Africa have had a Positive Impact on People Infected and Affected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Summary Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a disease that has evolved over time into an epidemic. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region of the world with the highest population of infected individuals and some of the lowest access to resources needed provide preventative education, treatment, and support for the disease. This study examines five studies conductedRead MoreHiv / Aids And Aids1472 Words   |  6 PagesHIV/AIDS is the major ongoing issue attacking sub-Saharan Africa. The damage caused by HIV/AIDS strips families, communities, and increases poverty. In Kenya, the plague has mainly targeted those in the fertile and reproductive age groups. According to estimates by the United Nations of AIDS (UNAIDS), â€Å"Indication of 22.5 million people were living with HIV in Africa, over 1.6 million people were estimated to have died from this syndrome, and well over 11 million children have been orphaned by AIDSRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) / Acquired Immune Deficiency Synd rome ( Aids )1449 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) /Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is present around the world. HIV weakens the body’s immune system by attacking its defences against disease this later develops into AIDS which causes for the body to be unable to fight of illness and diseases it usually could (Afao.org.au, 2015). Chad a country of Sub Saharan Africa has an estimated 210,000 people living with HIV/Aids. Working to decrease this a number promotional incentives are being run such as theRead MoreHiv / Aids : Hiv And Aids1484 Words   |  6 Pagescountry have arisen. One current issue South Africa is currently facing is HIV/AIDS. The disease has been plaguing South Africa as well as other countries throughout the continent. The initialism HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. This disease attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells of the immune system. Loss of these cells makes it difficult for the body to figh t infections. Without treatment, HIV can gradually destroy the immune system and advance to AIDS. Human immunodeficiencyRead MoreThe World System Theory Created By Immanuel Wallerstein1603 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom other countries and exploit their resources and citizens. This model recognizes the minimal benefits that are enjoyed by citizens of low status, as well as the maximal benefits enjoyed by citizens of high status. This suggests that a country’s economic development is based off the capitalist world system. Wallerstein believes the capitalist world-economy is based on the creation of surplus appropriation through the expansion of productivity. As a result, this benefits the elite by increasing profitsRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1389 Words   |  6 Pages Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a public health epidemic that affects millions of people around the world. As technology and medical advances have been made, many people affected by HIV in de veloped countries are able to sustain relatively normal lifestyles. Unfortunately, of the 36.9 million people living with HIV, 22 million still need to be reached with proper antiretroviral therapy treatment, preventative education, and supportive programs (UNAIDS, 2015). Most of the people that stillRead MoreAttaining Hiv Epidemic Control By Stopping Hiv887 Words   |  4 PagesATTAINING HIV EPIDEMIC CONTROL BY STOPPING HIV TRANSIMISSION TO WOMEN AND YOUG GIRL In Rwanda, HIV prevalence has dropped to less than 3% since mid-1990s. The country has made considerable development in regard to its commitments to reduce the incidence of HIV in the general population, decrease morbidity and mortality among PLHIV , and the provision of equal health care services to both people infected and affected by HIV and those who are not. However, reports are still highlightingRead MoreCannabis For Neuropathic Pain In HIV : The Mediciana Injuana Case Study1030 Words   |  5 Pagesmedicinal extracts have the ability to develop the neurogenic symptoms that were unresponsive to the standard treatments. Additionally, the unwanted effects can be tolerated and adverse effects On the contrary, marijuana produced a substantial relieve of pain in the patients with the HIV. In a study entitled Smoked Medicinal Cannabis for Neuropathic Pain in HIV, Ellis (2008) notes that pain relief was greater with Marijuana than placebo. In essence, the proportion the subjects in the study achieving aRead MoreHow Has Psychological Science Developed Throughout History?What1532 Words   |  7 Pagesdiseases. (Taylor 2006). Health psychology a field developed in the late 1970’s is an application of psychology that helps individuals understand the biological, social and psychological factors that influence diseases. First, this essay discusses a historical view of health the biomedical model to biopsychosocial model. Second, it examines the effects of the development of health. Lastly, indicating outcomes that have advanced as a result of an application of current models of health that help patients

Organizational Communication Free Essays

Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests the major characteristics of the scientific management school are carefully developed chains of command and efficient division of labor† (p. 68). The netmba. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now com (2010) website, which cites Taylor (1911), suggests the following four major characteristics of the scientific management school: * Replace the rule-of-thumb work methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. * Scientifically select, train, and develop each worker rather than passively leaving them to rain themselves. Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically methods are being followed. * Divide work nearly evenly between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks. (p. 1) The scientific method implication on communication is manifested in management controlling the chain of communication. Shockley-Zalabak (2009), who cites Faylor (1949), suggests â€Å"orders should come from only one superior and that a bypass of the chain of command would be a source of problems† (p. 9). I believe this suggest that communication is organized from the top down. In addition, I believe this communication method does not afford any input form subordinates or other stakeholders. I believe it assumes that management is always right and is the only source of solutions. Thereby, I believe subordinates are somewhat disenfranchised. Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests, â€Å"The human behavior [school characteristics] assumes that work is accomplished through people and emphasizes cooperation, participation, satisfaction, and interpersonal skills† (p. 72). Therefore, I believe this theory encourages open, participatory communication between management and subordinates at all levels. In my organization, I believe our school based management and planning team utilizes this management style in making decisions. The worldbank. org (2007) website suggests school-based management â€Å"is the decentralization of authority from the central government to the school level† (p. 2). Our school based planning management team encourages cooperation, shared decision-making, and participation among all stakeholders, which are tenets of the human behavior theory. Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests, integrated perspectives characteristics â€Å"attempt to explain how people, technologies, and environments integrate to influence all that happens in organizations† (p. 77-78). I believe this theory, as Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests, affects â€Å"the effectiveness of communication [not only] within the organization, but also to how the organization communicates with its environment, its customers, and community† (p. 88). In my organization, technology is used to communicate real-time attendance, schedule, and grading data to parents and students through a system called SchoolMax. The K12progrms. com website suggests, SchoolMax is one of the most technologically advanced web-based student information systems available on the market today that addresses the broad needs of today’s K-12 school districts with a fully integrated and feature rich solution for the management of student information. In final analysis, I suggest scientific method, human behavior, and integrated perspectives influence organizational communication. References http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099079934475/547667-1145313948551/what_is_SBM.pdf How to cite Organizational Communication, Essay examples Organizational Communication Free Essays Organizational Communication Shaniqua Jackson COM 425: Effective Communication in Organizations Instructor: Jeremiah Convery February 11, 2013 Communication addresses how information circulates among the employees of a company, how information is passed from one person to another in ways such as email, phone conversations and face-to-face also known as formal and informal communication. Both methods are used with the lower-level employees and within supervisors and management patterns of communication. Communication is one of the most important skills that one can have to be successful in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whether you’re a student, a family member, a friend, or an employee one cannot just do away with communication. Communication is not only about the exchanging of ideas, expressing our emotions, knowledge, data and information. Many organizations have various formal methods of communication that is used. Downward network is one of them, where upper management begins the delivery of the information. This allows for lower management to hear and understand the information presented and for them to convey the information to lower-level employees. Those roles are CEO, HR managers, and lower level management while informal communication usually comes from the â€Å"grapevine. † Grapevine communication can spread information quickly and can easily cross established organizational boundaries. This is a great example of informal communication, which can carry rumors about promotions, layoffs and mergers. We have learned that formal communication is based on the individual’s role in the organizations. Formal and informal communication channels exist in every organization. Formal communication requires thought and planning prior to sharing; informal communication usually succeeds on its own, mostly because of the very effectual grapevine. At times it can be very hard to formalize informal communication; therefore, the best way to cut the grapevine is to provide truthful respectful and timely formal communication. Active listening is a structured form of listening and responding that improves overall understanding. It’s a strong way to engage someone in one-on-one conversations, participating in meetings or even interviewing a potential candidate. Active listening is a clear way of understanding; it allows for clarity of the conversation and ensures that you understand the message that’s being presented. It also focuses on the speaker, so when planning for your next remarks, you are forced to listen and reflect on the other person before responding. Each of us can and will benefit from better communication in our work environments. With active listening, we are in control, and you will not need additional resources. Just like we have active listeners we also have those who at act and listen rationally. These are the one that have very limited information but make decisions based on what they have heard. This causes serious breakdown in the communication process. To ensure that communication is being conveyed successfully one should make sure that you start with the very basics, verbal and non-verbal communication. Often times these forms of communication are being used without much planning or given thought within the workplace. With that, it is not what you say, but how you say it; so keeping in mind our posture (body language), tone of voice, and eye contact. Often times we are not aware of these things and that they tend to say more than with is being said with our mouths; and people can take our body language and lack of eye contact out of context which can cause a serious breakdown in communication. Every organization has its own distinctive style of working which will contribute to the culture of the organization. And effective communication is very important for the managers in the organization, so to perform the basic functions of management like planning, organizing, leading and controlling, communication allows managers to perform their duties and responsibilities. The beliefs, ideologies, principles and the values of the organization shape its culture. The culture in the workplace controls the way the employees behave among themselves as well as with the people they serve. The work culture unites the employees who are otherwise from different backgrounds, families and have varied attitudes and mentalities. This allows the employees a sense of unity within the workplace. (Ghillyer, 2007) Communication helps to promote motivation by informing and clarifying they employees about the task to be done, in which they are performing their assigned duties and in which they can improve their performance if managers see the need to asset that area. This also plays a huge role in altering the individual attitudes. Organizations have the ability to asset and correct employees if they see someone not representing the organization in the correct manner. If not handled in an appreciate manner can lead to conflict and the communication channels can be discarded and not handled effectively. Conflict is defined as: to come into collision or disagreement; be contradictory, at variance, or in opposition; clash. Conflict can be the result of competition in the workplace for resources such as work space and with ones position i. e. ; the demonstration of skills and ability, relationship with the boss, co-workers, vendors and customers. Organizations that have mastered the art of conflict resolution have a business advantage. A positive conflict outcome removes performance barriers and allows organizations to meet corporate objectives. Developing effective strategies for working through conflicts, exploring different ideas, and making informed decisions can help build camaraderie and member pride in the effectiveness of group processes. (Kreps, 2011) Organizations strive to increase productivity, decrease employee turnover and to improve the office moral. No matter if a supervisor or regular employee is a better communicator or if they are difficult at times, the more to improve the communication between them the better working relationship you will have. This allows you to understand that everyone comes from different communication backgrounds and it is very important to bring new employees up to speed on what’s important within the department and overall within the organization as a whole. Speaking is an art that should not be taken lightly, no matter how the words are said. It is important to allow others to speak so you can gather every opinion in the room, to think about what you have heard, take notes, and follow up in an appropriate manner. Be sure to prepare, because preparation allows you to communicate effectively. Before all meeting, phone conferences, interviews, or those in the hall meetings, brief yourself on all topics. By writing down key points, or questions to ask this shows that you are not just a fly-by-night communicator but rather you’re a well prepared person and ready for the communication process. In essence, strategic leadership communication encourages others to cooperate with you, to follow your lead, and to share relevant information. Kreps, 2011) The purpose of leaders in a business setting is to build strengths, to oversee the problems that may arise and build the relationships by inspiring members to share important goals and help accomplish the shared goals of the organization, while building the resources of an organization. Good leaders can be the difference between a successful company and one that struggles. Not having a leader to provide direction, motivation and encouragement, empl oyees may not know how to complete their day-to-day tasks. A good leader keeps the organization’s mission in mind while assessing the details to ensure the organization runs smoothly. Strategic communication involves the use of effective interpersonal, group, and intercultural communication activities. (Kreps, 2011) When all levels of management in the organization are held accountable for effective communication the difference is measurable. The set the stage for everyone to communicate with each other openly and honestly the can make a difference. Managers are able to recognize and reward those staff members who are not appreciated for their feedback and often unrecognized for their improvements. For the communication channels to work effectively managers need to have access to training and coaching so that staff members can understand the communication expectations that the organization has set in place and what is expected of them as representation of the organization in which they work. Such training can be one-on-one, in classrooms, online through webinars or in group settings. There are a wide range of materials for teaching effective communication. The phrase â€Å"you can’t manage what you can’t measure† is true when it comes to communicating. Effective communication in any organization involves establishing a baseline for performance, identifying the areas that need improvement, and making improvements. This is a general cycle that repeats itself on a regular basis and the information that is shared is attained through managers and employees that are alike. (Richards, 2010) As organizations continue to move towards their goals, they often face the challenges many companies face and must overcome them as a team. Such challenges leave room for conflict between management and other members of the organization. Challenges in communication can bring group members together and help them learn more about one another. From learning each other’s opinions on relevant topics within the organization to the way they handle conflict can give members the tools that are necessary to strengthen they communication barriers within the organization. Bibliography Ghillyer, A. (2007). Business Ethic Now. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. Kreps, G. L. (2011). Communication in Organizations. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Richards, L. (2010). What does Effective Communication in Organizations Involve? Employee Management for Small Business . How to cite Organizational Communication, Papers

Honda in Europe free essay sample

The Honda Motor Company first entered the European market in the early 1960s through the sale of motorcycles. Honda’s motor vehicle sales in Europe have been relatively poor, especially in the previous five years. And Honda executives wonder why their global strategy is sputtering. History of Honda and Automobile Industry In 1946, Souichiro Honda founded the Honda Technology Institute. The Company started as a motorcycles producer and by the 1950s had become extremely successful in Japan. In 1956, Honda entered the US market and was able to position itself effectively. In the early 1960s, the company commenced automobile manufacturing and participated in Formula F-1 to assist its technology development. Until the early 1990s, the company experienced serious organizational mismanagement resulting from tension between the technology side and the marketing sales side. The automobile industry worldwide is in the mature stage of its life cycle. In the late 1990s, industry experts stated that only six or seven companies would remain global players, while other companies would be forced to sell in niche markets. Unlike their European and American counterparts, Japanese automobile companies, including Honda, did not adopt the MA strategy for expansion. To remain a global competitor, Honda instead expanded its operations by setting up plants in regional markets. Honda in Europe Currently, Honda has five regional operations : North America, South America, Japan, Asia-Oceania, and Europe. There are number of reasons for low sales in Europe. Honda entered the European market rather late, and its first production facility in the region was built in 1992, at a time when Honda was still only a minor player in the Japanese market. Prior to 1992, Honda Europe was forced to imports its vehicles from the United States, making its impossible for the company to aggressively attack the European market. The important reason for the lack of success was the European market was highly saturated locally owned car manufactures such as Saab, Volvo, BMW, Audi, VW, DM, Opel, and other foreign company such as Toyota, Nissan, Fordm also make the European market extremely competitive. Honda European Marketing Products, Honda’s European manufacturing plant is located in the UK, and as a result, the country has more Honda models than any country in Europe with a total of of 20. Price, The prices of Honda’s vehicles in Europe are comparable to similar cars produced by local manufacturers. Distribution, the image of Honda’s vehicles and motorcycles in Europe is aligned together. Consequently Honda vehicles throughout Europe are distributed at the same locations that their motorcycles are. Recently, due to the depreciating Euro vis-a-vis the US dollar, cars manufactured in the UK have also been exported to the US. Promotion. The promotion of Honda’s motor vehicles is essentially the same throughout Europe, whether in France, Germany, Italy or the UK. The company spends very little time and money in promotion, however. In the recent 2002 launch of the Jazz (known as the Fit in Japan), the company relied heavily on word of mouth and on a website created especially for the occasion. A sense of fun was also attached to the website, in an attempt to draw in the young woman. Once inside the Jazz website, the user could easily find the nearest dealership to purchase the vehicle. European Sales Honda’s most successful year was in 1998, however since then sales have been decreasing dramatically. Honda’s motor vehicles have been relatively unpopular in the majority of Europe, in particular Italy and France. European Culture The relative poor showing of Honda vehicles in Europe may be explained by a number of reasons. The main problem was that the company failed to truly understand the culture of Europe and more importantly it treated Europe as one giant single market. Though France, Germany, the UK and Italy are all European, cultural differences abound between them. One theory that explains the differences between the four nations is that of high-context versus low-context cultures. In a high-context culture, the interpretation of messages depends on contextual cues like gender, age, balance of power, etc. and not on physical written text. In a high context culture there are things that are not said but are understood. Countries considered to be high-context cultures include China, Japan, Italy, France, Spain and the Latin American countries. Cultural Context Successful advertising in low context cultures differs from that in high context cultures. An advertisement for a high-context culture is based on an implicit style where the emphasis is on the overall feel and outlook rather than the feeding of pure information. In this type of advertisement, the actual product may not even be shown. The audience may be only given implied images and sublime messages. Honda’s Jazz website contained a large amount of information which would have been too much for high-context cultures such as the French and the Italians. In addition, high context cultures have been much slower than their low context counterparts when it comes to adopting the Internet. France is a high-context culture where style and image is of the utmost importance. The perceived quality of a product means that the French have a bias towards the style and image of a product. The image of Japanese cars in France is relatively poor, dating back to the 1930s when Japanese manufacturers entered the European market with low quality products. Italy, like France, is a high-context culture where a great deal of emphasis is placed on feeling and style. The Italian culture is reflected in their daily lifestyle, which gives a sense of romance to the people living there. As in France, the Italians view Japanese cars as small low quality vehicles, suitable only as a second family car. The most popular automobile in Italy, especially for families, is the Fiat. The dominance of the Fiat is due to the Italians, like their high-context cousins the French, being very patriotic. Germany. Of the four main European countries that Honda is sold in, Germany has had the second highest sales volume.