The Positive Effects of Having Sport Activities for Prisoners

The Positive Effects of Having Sport Activities Offered For Prisoners Introduction: With many correctional facilities in the United States providing some recreational and sport activates, many have thought that it will become a growing trend. However, the continuous budget cuts that have been made are limiting their activities and programs. The benefits of sport activities can reduce the tension and stress while promoting healthy choices to the prisoners. Also Prisoners develop pride in winning in sporting events, develop social interaction skills, work as a team, or develop and improve themselves to strive for excellence (Truss Hunter, 2012). People outside of a correctional facility learn these skills in their lifetime, why can’t we offer the prisoners inside the facilities the same opportunities? Allowing prisoners the opportunities to participate in sport activities will occupy the prisoners by providing mental, physical, and emotional release and reducing the boredom of daily life in prison. The rapid growth in prison populations in most of the Western societies during the last decades has probably increased the interest in knowing the effects of sport and physical activity on prisoners and how these activities are developed in prison settings (Gehre Vonck, 2012). There are three areas in which people identify an interest about the issues. The areas are first physical activity and sports for prisoners’ health. Second, physical activity and sports for socialShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Sports Promoting Prisoner Health2533 Words   |  11 PagesMany researchers have looked how prisons promote a ‘healthy living’ and how this is implemented. Meek Lewis (2012) reviewed the role of sport promoting prisoner health through reports published between 2006- 2012 by the HMP for 142 prisons across England. The Prisons were grouped according to whether they were a juvenile, young adult, category B/C, local, high security, open, female, or immigration removal. Meek Lewis studied reports of the institutions on if there was provision and evidenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration Of Parents On Children2521 Words   |  11 Pagestough time when parents are absent from their lives and do not have people around to lean upon when they are facing problems that are internally or externally. I am trying to learn the effects, perception, knowledge, trauma, and emotion of children which face problems to facilitate a positive or negative outcome to having incarcerated parents. I want to help readers understand the reasons that children from minority families believe they will turn out to be criminals like their parents because societyRead MoreThe Era Of Mass Incarceration Essay1961 Words   |  8 Pageslimited to sports, work, rehabilitation programs, educational programs and much more. Many researchers and criminal rights advocates have attempted to increase the awareness of the effectiveness from different types of recreational programs, with many resulting in positive outcomes. Through the combination of personal observations and discoveries, based on a prison tour, and previous literary research on the topic of recreational programming in prison, I will attempt to reveal the positive, negativeRead MoreWhy Is It Important to Follow School Rules1494 Words   |  6 Pagesself-promotional. People are told over and over that school is necessary for success, so almost all graduates, and even dropouts, believe it. Selective memory and propagandic yearbooks help adults forget the negatives of school and only remember the positive, but to counter-act this process, instead of getting classmate signatures in your yearbook, you should use the blank pages in the back to document everything you hated about school. Vague edu-speak phrases such as educational excellence areRead MoreEssay on Prison Violence2678 Words   |  11 Pageshomosexual and heterosexual prisoners. It is very common for a gay person that is imprisoned for the first time to be taken by another prisoner as the stable couple. Consequently, the newcomer to the prison has to be -in the strict sense of the word- the other prisoners servant not to be everybody meat. He or she has to clean, ironing the clothes, etc. Another typical case is the one where homosexuals are forced to have sex or provide sexual favors to other prisoners under threat of hurting themRead MoreSports And Exercise Psychology Myths2236 Words   |  9 Pages Sport and Exercise Psychology Myths Timothy R. Horn Emporia State University Myths are commonly taken as fact when it comes to many of these areas of sport psychology. Coaches, teachers, and athletes will never change unless they inspect or are taught the facts and research behind these various theories and behaviors. This can be a large problem for those athletes who are instructed incorrectly, and it could potentially damage their futures in athletic competitions. Read MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 Pagespenalties. 3. The penalty must be personal in that no one should be punished for the crime of another. 4. The penalty must be legal that it is the consequence of a judgment according to law. 5. The penalty must be certain, that no one may escape its effects. 6. The penalty must be equal for all. 7. The penalty must be correctional. Preventive Imprisonment- the accused undergoes preventive imprisonment when the offense charge is non-bailable, or even if bailable he cannot furnish the required bail. SubsidiaryRead MoreProvincial Jail10855 Words   |  44 PagesEnvironmental Design 13 2.3 Literature Related to Prison Architecture History and Design 17 2.4 Literature Related to Reformation Program of the Philippines 19 2.4.1 Inmate Work Program 20 2.4.2 Education and Skills Training 20 2.4.3 Recreation and Sports 21 2.4.4 Religious Guidance 21 2.4.5 Therapeutic Community Program 21 2.5 Five components of workable reformation program: 21 2.5.1 Reception and Diagnostics Center 21 2.5.2 Classification System 21 2.5.3 Individualized treatment. 22 2Read MoreThe Movie The Night Dad 1939 Words   |  8 Pagesrelation to them. Some parents may have an issue with a child reading his book because of negative effects that come with seeing a parent going to jail, along with the fear it will happen to their parents. Against what those parents think, reading the book The Night Dad Went to Jail, helps children through bibliotherapy, and gaining a great understanding of the different impacts that come with having your parent sent to jail. Sketch is the young rabbit narrating his story about his father going toRead MoreThe Nazi Regime Of The Weimar Republic And The Creation Of A Terror State2236 Words   |  9 Pagescreation of a terror state, in which the German society was forced to conform to the regime due to the excessive use of violence, fear, and intimidation. The Nazi regime created various economic benefits, which served to disguise the detrimental effects the regime had on youth and education, the segregation of minority groups, and women s rights. Furthermore, the German population was oppressed through the consolidation of a ruthless and merciless police state. This police state served to help form

Social and Economic Effects of Hiv - 3924 Words

Social and Economic Effects of HIV/AIDS on Poverty in Africa Within the last thirty years, it has become well recognized that HIV/AIDS is a serious disease that takes many lives every year. However, we may not be getting the full story. What people dont realize is the extreme social and economic effects that result from the spread of HIV in Africa. This should be a serious concern of every person of every country, not only because of the massive loss of life, but because of the danger posed by such a powerful disease that doesn’t stop at the borders. Through the articles I have evaluated, I have come to a reasonable understanding of the suffering of those in Africa. My hope is to show the severity of the social effects like being shunned†¦show more content†¦In addition, the availability of testing ones partners for the disease would be costly and in most cases unavailable. This is just a single issue in a large web connecting AIDS and poverty. There are other just as pressing issues, such as the very low availability of medical aid (not to mention a frequent inability to pay for said medical aid), violent sexual abuse that goes unacknowledged, and living environments where many people may be in direct contact with AIDS infected family or friends without proper protection. Often, families are unable to provide even the most basic food needs for themselves and/or their children, and for those with AIDS who also cannot afford the drugs needed, this means an acceleration of the disease. Economic effects of AIDS The implications of AIDS for the economy in Africa and in the household are extensive in nature, and in the long run are effectively reducing the size of the workforce and Africas GDP. In addition, it is making the poor even more poor, forcing children into jobs, and weakening city infrastructure. According to Michael Adedigba, â€Å"HIV and AIDS cause a loss of income and lower productivity among household members.† (Adedigba, 2009) In addition, the issue is compacted extensively if the household member who contracted AIDS is the highest income earner for the family. A study done in Zambia regarding AIDS showed â€Å"that in two-thirds of the families where the father had died, monthly disposable income had fallen by moreShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Hiv Related Social Services940 Words   |  4 PagesNegative Effects of HIV Related Social Services Positive effects are always desired when implementing a social service, but often times they are not the only type of effect and many HIV related services can negatively impact people living with HIV. Some errors made by HIV related aid have been lack of geographic, economic, social, and political considerations, duplication of services provided, corruption of services, and improper education given to distributors and recipients of the HIV relatedRead MoreSocial Services During Sub Saharan Africa951 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Services Provided in Sub-Saharan Africa have had a Positive Impact on People Infected and Affected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Summary Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a disease that has evolved over time into an epidemic. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region of the world with the highest population of infected individuals and some of the lowest access to resources needed provide preventative education, treatment, and support for the disease. This study examines five studies conductedRead MoreHiv / Aids And Aids1472 Words   |  6 PagesHIV/AIDS is the major ongoing issue attacking sub-Saharan Africa. The damage caused by HIV/AIDS strips families, communities, and increases poverty. In Kenya, the plague has mainly targeted those in the fertile and reproductive age groups. According to estimates by the United Nations of AIDS (UNAIDS), â€Å"Indication of 22.5 million people were living with HIV in Africa, over 1.6 million people were estimated to have died from this syndrome, and well over 11 million children have been orphaned by AIDSRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) / Acquired Immune Deficiency Synd rome ( Aids )1449 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) /Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is present around the world. HIV weakens the body’s immune system by attacking its defences against disease this later develops into AIDS which causes for the body to be unable to fight of illness and diseases it usually could (Afao.org.au, 2015). Chad a country of Sub Saharan Africa has an estimated 210,000 people living with HIV/Aids. Working to decrease this a number promotional incentives are being run such as theRead MoreHiv / Aids : Hiv And Aids1484 Words   |  6 Pagescountry have arisen. One current issue South Africa is currently facing is HIV/AIDS. The disease has been plaguing South Africa as well as other countries throughout the continent. The initialism HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. This disease attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells of the immune system. Loss of these cells makes it difficult for the body to figh t infections. Without treatment, HIV can gradually destroy the immune system and advance to AIDS. Human immunodeficiencyRead MoreThe World System Theory Created By Immanuel Wallerstein1603 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom other countries and exploit their resources and citizens. This model recognizes the minimal benefits that are enjoyed by citizens of low status, as well as the maximal benefits enjoyed by citizens of high status. This suggests that a country’s economic development is based off the capitalist world system. Wallerstein believes the capitalist world-economy is based on the creation of surplus appropriation through the expansion of productivity. As a result, this benefits the elite by increasing profitsRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1389 Words   |  6 Pages Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a public health epidemic that affects millions of people around the world. As technology and medical advances have been made, many people affected by HIV in de veloped countries are able to sustain relatively normal lifestyles. Unfortunately, of the 36.9 million people living with HIV, 22 million still need to be reached with proper antiretroviral therapy treatment, preventative education, and supportive programs (UNAIDS, 2015). Most of the people that stillRead MoreAttaining Hiv Epidemic Control By Stopping Hiv887 Words   |  4 PagesATTAINING HIV EPIDEMIC CONTROL BY STOPPING HIV TRANSIMISSION TO WOMEN AND YOUG GIRL In Rwanda, HIV prevalence has dropped to less than 3% since mid-1990s. The country has made considerable development in regard to its commitments to reduce the incidence of HIV in the general population, decrease morbidity and mortality among PLHIV , and the provision of equal health care services to both people infected and affected by HIV and those who are not. However, reports are still highlightingRead MoreCannabis For Neuropathic Pain In HIV : The Mediciana Injuana Case Study1030 Words   |  5 Pagesmedicinal extracts have the ability to develop the neurogenic symptoms that were unresponsive to the standard treatments. Additionally, the unwanted effects can be tolerated and adverse effects On the contrary, marijuana produced a substantial relieve of pain in the patients with the HIV. In a study entitled Smoked Medicinal Cannabis for Neuropathic Pain in HIV, Ellis (2008) notes that pain relief was greater with Marijuana than placebo. In essence, the proportion the subjects in the study achieving aRead MoreHow Has Psychological Science Developed Throughout History?What1532 Words   |  7 Pagesdiseases. (Taylor 2006). Health psychology a field developed in the late 1970’s is an application of psychology that helps individuals understand the biological, social and psychological factors that influence diseases. First, this essay discusses a historical view of health the biomedical model to biopsychosocial model. Second, it examines the effects of the development of health. Lastly, indicating outcomes that have advanced as a result of an application of current models of health that help patients

Organizational Communication Free Essays

Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests the major characteristics of the scientific management school are carefully developed chains of command and efficient division of labor† (p. 68). The netmba. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now com (2010) website, which cites Taylor (1911), suggests the following four major characteristics of the scientific management school: * Replace the rule-of-thumb work methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. * Scientifically select, train, and develop each worker rather than passively leaving them to rain themselves. Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically methods are being followed. * Divide work nearly evenly between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks. (p. 1) The scientific method implication on communication is manifested in management controlling the chain of communication. Shockley-Zalabak (2009), who cites Faylor (1949), suggests â€Å"orders should come from only one superior and that a bypass of the chain of command would be a source of problems† (p. 9). I believe this suggest that communication is organized from the top down. In addition, I believe this communication method does not afford any input form subordinates or other stakeholders. I believe it assumes that management is always right and is the only source of solutions. Thereby, I believe subordinates are somewhat disenfranchised. Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests, â€Å"The human behavior [school characteristics] assumes that work is accomplished through people and emphasizes cooperation, participation, satisfaction, and interpersonal skills† (p. 72). Therefore, I believe this theory encourages open, participatory communication between management and subordinates at all levels. In my organization, I believe our school based management and planning team utilizes this management style in making decisions. The worldbank. org (2007) website suggests school-based management â€Å"is the decentralization of authority from the central government to the school level† (p. 2). Our school based planning management team encourages cooperation, shared decision-making, and participation among all stakeholders, which are tenets of the human behavior theory. Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests, integrated perspectives characteristics â€Å"attempt to explain how people, technologies, and environments integrate to influence all that happens in organizations† (p. 77-78). I believe this theory, as Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests, affects â€Å"the effectiveness of communication [not only] within the organization, but also to how the organization communicates with its environment, its customers, and community† (p. 88). In my organization, technology is used to communicate real-time attendance, schedule, and grading data to parents and students through a system called SchoolMax. The K12progrms. com website suggests, SchoolMax is one of the most technologically advanced web-based student information systems available on the market today that addresses the broad needs of today’s K-12 school districts with a fully integrated and feature rich solution for the management of student information. In final analysis, I suggest scientific method, human behavior, and integrated perspectives influence organizational communication. References http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099079934475/547667-1145313948551/what_is_SBM.pdf How to cite Organizational Communication, Essay examples Organizational Communication Free Essays Organizational Communication Shaniqua Jackson COM 425: Effective Communication in Organizations Instructor: Jeremiah Convery February 11, 2013 Communication addresses how information circulates among the employees of a company, how information is passed from one person to another in ways such as email, phone conversations and face-to-face also known as formal and informal communication. Both methods are used with the lower-level employees and within supervisors and management patterns of communication. Communication is one of the most important skills that one can have to be successful in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whether you’re a student, a family member, a friend, or an employee one cannot just do away with communication. Communication is not only about the exchanging of ideas, expressing our emotions, knowledge, data and information. Many organizations have various formal methods of communication that is used. Downward network is one of them, where upper management begins the delivery of the information. This allows for lower management to hear and understand the information presented and for them to convey the information to lower-level employees. Those roles are CEO, HR managers, and lower level management while informal communication usually comes from the â€Å"grapevine. † Grapevine communication can spread information quickly and can easily cross established organizational boundaries. This is a great example of informal communication, which can carry rumors about promotions, layoffs and mergers. We have learned that formal communication is based on the individual’s role in the organizations. Formal and informal communication channels exist in every organization. Formal communication requires thought and planning prior to sharing; informal communication usually succeeds on its own, mostly because of the very effectual grapevine. At times it can be very hard to formalize informal communication; therefore, the best way to cut the grapevine is to provide truthful respectful and timely formal communication. Active listening is a structured form of listening and responding that improves overall understanding. It’s a strong way to engage someone in one-on-one conversations, participating in meetings or even interviewing a potential candidate. Active listening is a clear way of understanding; it allows for clarity of the conversation and ensures that you understand the message that’s being presented. It also focuses on the speaker, so when planning for your next remarks, you are forced to listen and reflect on the other person before responding. Each of us can and will benefit from better communication in our work environments. With active listening, we are in control, and you will not need additional resources. Just like we have active listeners we also have those who at act and listen rationally. These are the one that have very limited information but make decisions based on what they have heard. This causes serious breakdown in the communication process. To ensure that communication is being conveyed successfully one should make sure that you start with the very basics, verbal and non-verbal communication. Often times these forms of communication are being used without much planning or given thought within the workplace. With that, it is not what you say, but how you say it; so keeping in mind our posture (body language), tone of voice, and eye contact. Often times we are not aware of these things and that they tend to say more than with is being said with our mouths; and people can take our body language and lack of eye contact out of context which can cause a serious breakdown in communication. Every organization has its own distinctive style of working which will contribute to the culture of the organization. And effective communication is very important for the managers in the organization, so to perform the basic functions of management like planning, organizing, leading and controlling, communication allows managers to perform their duties and responsibilities. The beliefs, ideologies, principles and the values of the organization shape its culture. The culture in the workplace controls the way the employees behave among themselves as well as with the people they serve. The work culture unites the employees who are otherwise from different backgrounds, families and have varied attitudes and mentalities. This allows the employees a sense of unity within the workplace. (Ghillyer, 2007) Communication helps to promote motivation by informing and clarifying they employees about the task to be done, in which they are performing their assigned duties and in which they can improve their performance if managers see the need to asset that area. This also plays a huge role in altering the individual attitudes. Organizations have the ability to asset and correct employees if they see someone not representing the organization in the correct manner. If not handled in an appreciate manner can lead to conflict and the communication channels can be discarded and not handled effectively. Conflict is defined as: to come into collision or disagreement; be contradictory, at variance, or in opposition; clash. Conflict can be the result of competition in the workplace for resources such as work space and with ones position i. e. ; the demonstration of skills and ability, relationship with the boss, co-workers, vendors and customers. Organizations that have mastered the art of conflict resolution have a business advantage. A positive conflict outcome removes performance barriers and allows organizations to meet corporate objectives. Developing effective strategies for working through conflicts, exploring different ideas, and making informed decisions can help build camaraderie and member pride in the effectiveness of group processes. (Kreps, 2011) Organizations strive to increase productivity, decrease employee turnover and to improve the office moral. No matter if a supervisor or regular employee is a better communicator or if they are difficult at times, the more to improve the communication between them the better working relationship you will have. This allows you to understand that everyone comes from different communication backgrounds and it is very important to bring new employees up to speed on what’s important within the department and overall within the organization as a whole. Speaking is an art that should not be taken lightly, no matter how the words are said. It is important to allow others to speak so you can gather every opinion in the room, to think about what you have heard, take notes, and follow up in an appropriate manner. Be sure to prepare, because preparation allows you to communicate effectively. Before all meeting, phone conferences, interviews, or those in the hall meetings, brief yourself on all topics. By writing down key points, or questions to ask this shows that you are not just a fly-by-night communicator but rather you’re a well prepared person and ready for the communication process. In essence, strategic leadership communication encourages others to cooperate with you, to follow your lead, and to share relevant information. Kreps, 2011) The purpose of leaders in a business setting is to build strengths, to oversee the problems that may arise and build the relationships by inspiring members to share important goals and help accomplish the shared goals of the organization, while building the resources of an organization. Good leaders can be the difference between a successful company and one that struggles. Not having a leader to provide direction, motivation and encouragement, empl oyees may not know how to complete their day-to-day tasks. A good leader keeps the organization’s mission in mind while assessing the details to ensure the organization runs smoothly. Strategic communication involves the use of effective interpersonal, group, and intercultural communication activities. (Kreps, 2011) When all levels of management in the organization are held accountable for effective communication the difference is measurable. The set the stage for everyone to communicate with each other openly and honestly the can make a difference. Managers are able to recognize and reward those staff members who are not appreciated for their feedback and often unrecognized for their improvements. For the communication channels to work effectively managers need to have access to training and coaching so that staff members can understand the communication expectations that the organization has set in place and what is expected of them as representation of the organization in which they work. Such training can be one-on-one, in classrooms, online through webinars or in group settings. There are a wide range of materials for teaching effective communication. The phrase â€Å"you can’t manage what you can’t measure† is true when it comes to communicating. Effective communication in any organization involves establishing a baseline for performance, identifying the areas that need improvement, and making improvements. This is a general cycle that repeats itself on a regular basis and the information that is shared is attained through managers and employees that are alike. (Richards, 2010) As organizations continue to move towards their goals, they often face the challenges many companies face and must overcome them as a team. Such challenges leave room for conflict between management and other members of the organization. Challenges in communication can bring group members together and help them learn more about one another. From learning each other’s opinions on relevant topics within the organization to the way they handle conflict can give members the tools that are necessary to strengthen they communication barriers within the organization. Bibliography Ghillyer, A. (2007). Business Ethic Now. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. Kreps, G. L. (2011). Communication in Organizations. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Richards, L. (2010). What does Effective Communication in Organizations Involve? Employee Management for Small Business . How to cite Organizational Communication, Papers

Honda in Europe free essay sample

The Honda Motor Company first entered the European market in the early 1960s through the sale of motorcycles. Honda’s motor vehicle sales in Europe have been relatively poor, especially in the previous five years. And Honda executives wonder why their global strategy is sputtering. History of Honda and Automobile Industry In 1946, Souichiro Honda founded the Honda Technology Institute. The Company started as a motorcycles producer and by the 1950s had become extremely successful in Japan. In 1956, Honda entered the US market and was able to position itself effectively. In the early 1960s, the company commenced automobile manufacturing and participated in Formula F-1 to assist its technology development. Until the early 1990s, the company experienced serious organizational mismanagement resulting from tension between the technology side and the marketing sales side. The automobile industry worldwide is in the mature stage of its life cycle. In the late 1990s, industry experts stated that only six or seven companies would remain global players, while other companies would be forced to sell in niche markets. Unlike their European and American counterparts, Japanese automobile companies, including Honda, did not adopt the MA strategy for expansion. To remain a global competitor, Honda instead expanded its operations by setting up plants in regional markets. Honda in Europe Currently, Honda has five regional operations : North America, South America, Japan, Asia-Oceania, and Europe. There are number of reasons for low sales in Europe. Honda entered the European market rather late, and its first production facility in the region was built in 1992, at a time when Honda was still only a minor player in the Japanese market. Prior to 1992, Honda Europe was forced to imports its vehicles from the United States, making its impossible for the company to aggressively attack the European market. The important reason for the lack of success was the European market was highly saturated locally owned car manufactures such as Saab, Volvo, BMW, Audi, VW, DM, Opel, and other foreign company such as Toyota, Nissan, Fordm also make the European market extremely competitive. Honda European Marketing Products, Honda’s European manufacturing plant is located in the UK, and as a result, the country has more Honda models than any country in Europe with a total of of 20. Price, The prices of Honda’s vehicles in Europe are comparable to similar cars produced by local manufacturers. Distribution, the image of Honda’s vehicles and motorcycles in Europe is aligned together. Consequently Honda vehicles throughout Europe are distributed at the same locations that their motorcycles are. Recently, due to the depreciating Euro vis-a-vis the US dollar, cars manufactured in the UK have also been exported to the US. Promotion. The promotion of Honda’s motor vehicles is essentially the same throughout Europe, whether in France, Germany, Italy or the UK. The company spends very little time and money in promotion, however. In the recent 2002 launch of the Jazz (known as the Fit in Japan), the company relied heavily on word of mouth and on a website created especially for the occasion. A sense of fun was also attached to the website, in an attempt to draw in the young woman. Once inside the Jazz website, the user could easily find the nearest dealership to purchase the vehicle. European Sales Honda’s most successful year was in 1998, however since then sales have been decreasing dramatically. Honda’s motor vehicles have been relatively unpopular in the majority of Europe, in particular Italy and France. European Culture The relative poor showing of Honda vehicles in Europe may be explained by a number of reasons. The main problem was that the company failed to truly understand the culture of Europe and more importantly it treated Europe as one giant single market. Though France, Germany, the UK and Italy are all European, cultural differences abound between them. One theory that explains the differences between the four nations is that of high-context versus low-context cultures. In a high-context culture, the interpretation of messages depends on contextual cues like gender, age, balance of power, etc. and not on physical written text. In a high context culture there are things that are not said but are understood. Countries considered to be high-context cultures include China, Japan, Italy, France, Spain and the Latin American countries. Cultural Context Successful advertising in low context cultures differs from that in high context cultures. An advertisement for a high-context culture is based on an implicit style where the emphasis is on the overall feel and outlook rather than the feeding of pure information. In this type of advertisement, the actual product may not even be shown. The audience may be only given implied images and sublime messages. Honda’s Jazz website contained a large amount of information which would have been too much for high-context cultures such as the French and the Italians. In addition, high context cultures have been much slower than their low context counterparts when it comes to adopting the Internet. France is a high-context culture where style and image is of the utmost importance. The perceived quality of a product means that the French have a bias towards the style and image of a product. The image of Japanese cars in France is relatively poor, dating back to the 1930s when Japanese manufacturers entered the European market with low quality products. Italy, like France, is a high-context culture where a great deal of emphasis is placed on feeling and style. The Italian culture is reflected in their daily lifestyle, which gives a sense of romance to the people living there. As in France, the Italians view Japanese cars as small low quality vehicles, suitable only as a second family car. The most popular automobile in Italy, especially for families, is the Fiat. The dominance of the Fiat is due to the Italians, like their high-context cousins the French, being very patriotic. Germany. Of the four main European countries that Honda is sold in, Germany has had the second highest sales volume.

Jewish Societies Essays - Semitic Peoples, Napoleon, Jews

Jewish Societies Until the late 18th century, The Jewish societies all over the world were treated unfairly. Hatred and discrimination were used against because of their religious practices. Jews who live in predominately Christian or Muslim territories were forced to covert to the religion of that area. If Jews did not obey their, then they we either ordered to leave or they would be persecuted. Before the French Revolution, Jewish, culture and beliefs were not accepted in most European nations. Jews did not even have rights and were not treated equal. The French Revolution was one that had a great effect on Jews, because over a period of time Jews who resided in France were treated as equals, and gained rights and freedoms. Like many other European nation, it was hard to accept Jew as equal citizens. In the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen," extended rights to every Frenchmen except Jews in 1789. It took until 1791 to consider Jews as Frenchmen. This caused many fellow countrymen to raise questions such as, "are all Jews considered equal?" or "are Jews allow to marry Christian or other fellow Frenchmen?" Napoleon answered these questions by stating that as long as Jewish religion and practices do not interfere with their government or state life, that they were free to act as any French citizen would. Jews were allowed to study their religion and to integrate into society instead of being excluded. Even though they gain citizenship and freedom, Jews were also restricted to do certain things. In the "Infamous Decree", Napoleon put many restrictions on a predominately Jewish business, money lending. Napoleon used this as a political advantage. It seemed that imposed these restriction as a way to compromise with French society, and given them an upper hand, instead of leaving them in debt to Jews. The French Revolution had a great effect on Jewish life. It did not grant the Jewish society as whole freedom, but gave Jewish individual's citizenship in France. Prior to the French Revolution, many Jews were being sent away or persecuted. France allowed them to be apart of a nation instead of being that nation problem. Like any group of diverse people, I think that Jews had mixed feeling on Napoleon. The Majority of Jews in France appreciated him for granting them freedom and citizenship. There were many others who wanted a little bit more than what he had offered such a Jews with political influence. Overall, the Jews needed Neapolitan, and that they need him. They needed protection, citizenship, and to be included into a society, which would, let them practice their faith. He wanted a bigger and stronger French nation.

A Critique of Martin Luther Ki essays

A Critique of Martin Luther Ki essays A Critique of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Version of Natural Law Theory Paradoxically, Martin Luther King, Jr., in his "Letter from Birmingham City Jail," initially uses classical natural law theory to defend his actions, but immediately thereafter contradicts a fundamental tenet of this theory and relies on a "weaker" version of natural law. In doing so, King must attempt to formulate a theory which justifies his illegal actions in view of his moral obligation to obey the law. King's failure to distinguish between legal obligations and moral obligations yields a logical paradox in his final formulation of natural law theory. However, King's theory need not be completely rejected if his argument is slightly modified to reject the moral obligation to obey laws. King initially uses classical natural law theory as his rational basis to defend his actions. This theory has two main component claims according to Murphy and Coleman (Sourcebook, I-35), the first being, "Moral validity is a logically necessary condition for legal validity- an unjust or immoral law being no law at all" followed by, "The moral order is a part of the natural order- moral duties being in some sense "read off" from essences or purposes fixed (perhaps by God) in nature." According to this theory, morality law, but law = morality by definition. Thus for King to use this theory, two requirements are implicit. He must assert that an unjust law is not really a law, and he must provide a moral theory to distinguish just and unjust laws. King first quotes St. Augustine, "an unjust law is no law at all," to emphasize his agreement with the first claim. He then includes the "law of God" as his moral theory to provide the framework upon which to judge the law. His argument using classical natural law theory at first seems to be a valid and necessary defense for breaking the la...

Effect of Budgetary Logistical - Constraints on Manufacturing Strategy Research Paper

Effect of Budgetary Logistical - Constraints on Manufacturing Strategy - Research Paper Example This research paper explains the effects of budgetary logistical/ constraint on the manufacturing strategy. According to Miltenburg (2008), manufacturing strategies are aimed at solving manufacturing problems and assisting the manufacturer in their objective to have a competitive advantage. The budgetary logistical or constraints are expected to have a great influence on the approach the manufacturers would choose to solve manufacturing problems as well as how he chooses to look for a competitive advantage. The research explained by this paper, explain how budgetary constraint or logistical affect the choice of a manufacturing strategy as well as its implementation. This research mainly relies on a secondary source of information as our main information source. Manufacturing strategy is composed of various aspects of a manufacturing process. This strategy is mainly aimed at minimizing the cost of production while not affecting production and product quality. If this is achieved it can increase the revenues of the manufacturers and thus increasing his profits. The most important manufacturing strategy in the today’s competitive business environment is the setup reduction program. The setup reduction program like other manufacturing strategies is mainly aimed at reduction of production costs while maintaining product quality. Though it was not introduced many years ago it has become very popular in the manufacturing industry and it is now greatly used by several manufacturers. Setup reduction program involves a reduction in the expenses incurred in designing a setup for the production process in the manufacturing industry.

The Lynching of Persons of Mexican Origin in the United States Essay

The Lynching of Persons of Mexican Origin in the United States - Essay Example They formed organization among Mexican Americans in the Southwest of United States. A number of local southwest social and political clubs were mainly comprised of both Mexican Americans and Mexicans that united and formed the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC). LULAC played a significant in establishing how Mexicans racial identity was derived from their class status and how whiteness played a role in racial and class construction in the Southwest. The leaders voted to limit membership in the organization to U.S. citizens, but half of the members left the conference in protest. However, the LULAC had significant success helping the Mexicans Americans fight for their identity. Carrigan and Webb (412) indicate that the LULAC was the regional equivalent of the national association for the advancement of Colored People (NAACP). It financed a couple of anti segregation and antidiscrimination cases that were brought on behalf of Mexicans Americans in California, Texas and Ne w Mexico. It derived victories in education and jury selection identity. Meanwhile, parents of migrant children won a suit against a California school district for segregating Mexican American and Mexican children from whites. These children travelled miles by bus to attend Mexicans schools in other school districts because it was illegal to attend white neighborhood schools. The origins of this case were due to inconsistency of the binary racial logic of the United States and the racial complexity of the Mexicans based on their unique claims to white identity. Meanwhile, Americans Mexicans fought for their identity by presenting their claims in jury hearings because they were discriminated against as a class. Discrimination indicated there was a lack of their jury rolls in United States. Although they fought for their rights, the discrimination cases indicated that abstract identity was itself internally fractured by class difference. Carrigan and Webb (415) indicate that the fight for identity revealed what is referred to as whiteness and the social construction of Mexicans in Southwest. Mexican Americans were legally referred to as Whites due to the treaty obligations with Mexico that allowed Mexicans to become United States Citizens. The federal laws practiced at that period required that an alien to be White he or she was supposed to become United States Citizen. Thus, the government of Mexico and the U.S department of state forced the United States census Bureau to reclassify Mexican as white. In the Texas school desegregation case, the Jury ruled that Mexican children could not be segregated on the racial basis but it allowed segregation based on linguistic issues or migrant status. Institutions that are controlled by dominant groups have established the legal definitions of a racial group and force them to adhere to their status quo. Thus, the law in United States considered racial group identity when such identity was based on exclusion and subordinat ion of Mexicans. For instance, the Texas court ruling that imposed a definition of Whites on Mexicans Americans and caused them to protest against segregation as a district group in the Southwest. Meanwhile, the court rejected the Mexican American claims for class representation in a class action suit demanding for equal education opportunities. Despite Mexican Americans being legally constructed as white, this status had only marginal

Practices or managerial competencies that you think all health care Essay

Practices or managerial competencies that you think all health care administrators should develop - Essay Example This is where conceptual skills come in. They provide an administrator with the perfect launching pad for conducting good research or making the right decisions. The preparation of financial reports requires an able and competent administrator who is technically proficient in using computers to create and manipulate spreadsheets among other documents associated with budgeting Budgeting/reimbursement may require one to interact with other people by asking questions in order to get the right information when in doubt of anything. This requires good interpersonal skills otherwise an administrator may not obtain accurate data/information Understanding whatever one is computing or preparing also requires good conceptual skills (Antony, 1981). An administrator should know which figures are supposed to be entered where, what they represent and how to interpret them in order to explain an organization’s financial position Planning cannot be carried out alone; it is a team effort that is better executed when different opinions and ideas are heard (Lytras, 2008). As a result, working well with different people calls for good human/interpersonal

English Literature Antigone Ismene Thebes

English Literature Antigone Ismene Thebes Antigone Ismene Thebes Inductive essay of Antigone In the play Antigone, written by Sophocels, there are many complications. The most important event is the killing of Antigone’s two brothers, Eteocles and Polynices. It was the main inspiration for the whole play. It all starts after King Oedipus was banished from the city of Thebes after he knows that he has murdered his father, his younger son Eteocles declares to be the king, banishing his older brother Polyneices. Polyneices then attacks Thebes with a huge army, but none of the two brothers wins the war because they both kill each other in combat. Creon then declares the kingdom of Thebes, and he decides that Eteocles should be buried and honored as a hero while Polyneices body shouldn’t be honored, but it should be thrown in the streets of Thebes left for dogs and birds to be eaten in humiliation. Creon decides that the punishment for trying to bury the body of Polyneices will be death. Antigone, Eteocles and Polynices’ sister, insists that her brothers body must be buried so that his spirit can rest in peace, in spite of the cautious advice of her younger sister, Ismene. She goes to the battleground, pouring sand over Polyneices body and performing burial rites. After that the guards discovers that someone was trying to bury the body, they uncover the dust from the body, and they starts to look for who does that. Antigone comes back insisting on burying her brother’s body .She finally allows herself to be captured after coming out of hiding when some guards try to uncover the body again, and a rebellious Antigone is brought to Creon. He decides to execute only Antigone since Ismenes is innocent and Antigone is sent outside of Thebes to starve to death in a cave. Even though Antigone was nothing but a girl left alone, she faces many obstacles by herself to do what she believes it is right without any concerns about the consequences. The first obstacle that faces Antigone was her sister, Ismene. They were the only two family members left after their father’s death and their two brothers’ shameful war against each other and killing each other in the battlefield. Instead of supporting her sister, and trying to keep what’s left of the family together, Ismene abandons Antigone and tries to convince her to obey the king’s orders. The author quotes Ismene saying â€Å"The worst of all if we violate the laws and override the fixed decree of the throne, its power- we must be sensible. Remember we are women, we’re not born to contend with men† (Sophocles 1144). It is clear that Ismene is so frightened of Antigone’s decision to bury her brother Polyneices. It is also clear how Creon, the king, put his fear in his people’s minds so he will has full control over his kingdom. Antigone doesn’t worry about Creon’s punishment and decides to continue. The autho r quotes her answering her sister â€Å" So, do as you like, whatever suits you best- I’ll bury him myself. And even if I die in the act, that death will be a glory.† (Sophocles 1144). This quote shows how determined Antigone is to bury her brother without having any concerns about the result. It also shows how she considers the death a glory to her for doing what’s she believes is right. She considers honoring her brother by giving hem the proper burial is her obligation. Antigone overcomes this obstacle by excusing her sister from joining her to bury their brother. The second obstacle that faces Antigone is the king himself. He wanted to force his authority and power over the kingdom after the disturbance that happened in Thebes. He wants his orders and commands to be followed by everyone. Creon creates a monster of himself to scare his people; he likes power, authority, and to be obeyed. That’s why everybody was scared and afraid to disobey Creon except Antigone. She did what’s right; she wasn’t even afraid when the guards arrested her, she bravely surrendered to them (1152). Creon felt that he lost his power and authority once Antigone disobey his orders. Creon says, â€Å"This girl was an old hand at insolence when she overrode the edicts we made public. But once she’d don it- the insolence, twice over- to glory in it, laughing, mocking us to our face with what she’d done† (Sophocles 1154). He considers Antigone’s act an insult to the king without considering that she wants to give her brother the proper burial to honor him as prince. That explains why he was so harsh in his verdict to execute her by starvation. Antigone knows that she is doing what’s right and she surrenders to her destiny to be killed. On the other hand she seems to refuse to be killed by Creon, that’s why she killed herself as if she considers killing herself more honor than Creon kills her. The final obstacle that faces Antigone is her lover, Haemon, who was Creon’s son and who was very sad that he’s going to lose his pride. Antigone thinks about her lover. She doesn’t want to die and leave him because she loves him so much. She is between two difficult decisions. One of them is if she decides to step on what she believes in and forget about her honored brother to stay with her lover, the other decision is to leave her lover and to die for what she believes in. Antigone doesn’t think about her happiness; she rather dies because of what she believes in than stays with Haemon. She overcomes this obstacle by deciding to kill herself. Haemon, on the other hand, was used by Gods to punish Creon for his acts. He was not convinced with his father’s actions. Haemon states, â€Å"I see my father offending justice-wrong† (Sophocles 1161). He continues his conversation asking â€Å"Protect your rights? When you trample down the honors of the gods?† (Sophocles 1611). Haemon realizes the fact that his father doesn’t realize, is that he dishonors the gods. Haemon wants to explain to Creon that no matter what happened don’t disobey or disrespect the gods. Another thing Haemon realizes that Creon doesn’t realize that there is more powerful force than Creon’s force which is the gods force. Creon thinks that he has the ultimate power and authority that’s why he can’t see Haemon point of view. Haemon goes to Antigone’s grave and he couldn’t see her kills herself in the front of him, so he kills himself. In the play, Antigone faces a lot of obstacles, and she overcomes them all. She doesn’t give up, and once she feels that the king’s authority will bring her down, she decides to take her own life rather than the injustice system does. She is determining to do what she feels is right, no matter what the laws of the kingdom says. She is motivating by her obligations towards her family, and by her personal beliefs. She first faces her sister who is against her from the beginning, because she is afraid of Creon’s decrees. Antigone excuses her sister from burying her brother with her. Second obstacle Antigone faces is the rigorous king, Creon, who gives his strict orders that whoever bury Polynices will die. Antigone doesn’t care about Creon’s decrees; she knows the consequences will be the death penalty, but she stands bravely in front of Creon. The final obstacle Antigone faces is her lover who is so in love with her and he can’t see her dieing. Antigone also can’t see her lover cries and she can’t leave him as well. This is the most difficult obstacle that faces Antigone. Finally she kills herself when she finds that it’s more honor to kill herself than Creon kills her. Antigone knows that she will die for what she did. She put what she believes in before her and sacrifices her own life to do what’s right.

Marketing Essay -- essays research papers

MULTI EXPRESS TOOTHBRUSH Introduction: A toothbrush that has multiple uses and saves space, that’s the vision behind the Multi Express Toothbrush. The product at hand is a toothbrush that pulls apart at the handle to provide consumers with dental floss and toothpaste. The rear part of the handle contains a button that when pushed down also allows forward movement; this action squeezes the toothpaste cartridge. When the button is pressed a hole at the end of the handle opens up allowing the toothpaste to exist, when the button is released the hole closes and seals off the toothpaste. The end with the brush contains a cartridge full of dental floss. The use of cartridges is important because when one becomes empty just pull it out and insert another quick, easy, and simple. When done brushing and flossing snap the two ends together and your ready for your next use. Target Market:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Multi Express Toothbrush can be used by anyone: children, teenagers, and adults. Parents when your children go to sleepovers don’t waste your time and space packing a toothbrush, toothpaste, and dental floss the Multi Express Toothbrush contains all three. Teenagers can’t brush your teeth after lunch because you can’t fit toothbrush and toothpaste in your already crammed full book bags use the Multi Express Toothbrush whether you’re in high school or college and keep those smiles bright and white. Adults I know what your thinking, I barely have enough time to sit down and eat my lunch let alone brush my teeth afterwards. With the Multi Express Toothbrush it’s as simple as one, two, and three; pull, squeeze, and brush now that’s fast. Business men and women who have to travel the Multi Express Toothbrush is for you, because you’re on the go and you need that extra space in your luggage. Product:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Multi Express Toothbrush design is unique; its handle is large and slims down toward the end of the brush. The handle when separated has two cartridges. These two cartridges contain dental floss and toothpaste. These cartridges can be reloaded when they run out. The dimensions of the Multi Express Toothbrush are nine inches in length and one and a half inches in width. The width of the handle is what makes it possible for the Multi Express Toothbrush to contain these items. The button at the back part of the handl... ... your personal supplies. No more, nasty, dried up toothpaste containers our patented squeezing system eliminates the mess. The Multi Express Toothbrush is for everyone whether you’re going on sleepovers, brushing your teeth after lunch, camping in the woods, or traveling for business or for pleasure. Replacement cartridges are quick and easy to switch. The price of the Multi Express Toothbrush will be affordable, because we are charging the lowest price possible that allows our company to obtain a profit. Discount by coupons and other promotional offers will be used. Advertising on television will allow us the opportunity to draw in new customers and keep the ones we have already. Packages should be durable cutting down on the amount of damaged products. Our package should be attractive and draw customers’ attention. The use of intensive distribution will allow us full coverage of the market, making the product available to all consumers at a variety of locations. I n conclusion our goal is to keep customers satisfied buy offering them a quality product at a reasonable price. We like to think were making the world brighter one smile at a time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Huck Chapter Summary Essay

Chapter 12: Huck and Jim float down the Mississippi for a few days. They spot a boat and Huck, looking for an adventure, decides he and Jim should hop aboard. They overhear two robbers threatening to kill a third. Jim and Huck’s raft breaks loose and floats away. Chapter 13: Jim and Huck steal the robbers’ getaway boat. Huck feels bad and goes to shore for help. Jim and Huck abandon the robbers’ getaway boat and go to sleep. Chapter 14: Jim and Huck go through the items salvaged from the robbers’ boat. Huck tells Jim stories about kings and queens. Jim expresses his dislike for adventures, pointing out that they could get him killed or captured. Chapter 15: As they head for the Ohio River, Huck and Jim get separated by a thick fog. Huck finally rejoins Jim, who is sleeping. He tells Jim that he dreamed the entire incident. When Jim notices the debris on the raft, he realizes the truth and is upset. Huck apologizes. Chapter 16: Huck’s conscience troubles him on account of his helping the widow’s â€Å"property† escape and he resolves to turn Jim in. When Jim tells Huck he’s his only friend and the only one that hasn’t lied to him, Huck changes his mind. Huck encounters two men who want to search Huck’s raft for a runaway slave. Huck concocts a story about his family having small pox and the two change their mind. Huck and Jim’s canoe is stolen and their raft is destroyed by a steamboat. Huck escapes to shore and he’s surrounded by dogs.

Victim of Boarding House

Nurbani Trisna Wardhani 10/297584/SA/15201 In this â€Å"Boarding House†, a short story form James Joyce, I think the character that becomes the victim is Mr. Doran. At the first the story tells about Mrs. Mooney who had been lived separated with his drunkard husband and built up a boarding house. She lived there with her two children, Jack and Polly. In another angle, we can see Mrs. Mooney boarding house is actually a ‘tool’ that was used by Mrs. Mooney to look for an ideal husband for Polly. Also read Boarding Schools Should Be AbolishedShe tried some ways to get a man with good financial to be Polly’s husband before. She sent Polly to be a typist in a corn-factor’s office in purpose to make bosses fell in love with Polly. Nevertheless, Polly was been flirted by a disreputable sheriff’s man, so Mrs. Mooney took Polly back to the boarding house and asked her to do house work. One day she thought to send Polly back to typewriting, but suddenly she knew that there was something between Polly and one of her guest in boarding house, Mr.Doran. Mr. Doran is a man in about thirty-four or thirty five of age. He is a religious man who worked in the Catholic wine merchant office. Mrs. Mooney used Polly’s innocent to become a bait to get Mr. Doran got into her trap. She had already known that Mr. Doran was a man who lived in religious culture in Dublin and always obeyed the church rules, so she set that Mr. Doran slept with Polly. By doing this, Mr. Doran had a religious sin and felt guilty.The only compensation for this sin in this society is marriage, and Mrs. Mooney utilized this. Mr. Doran was hesitated, would he marry her or run away. Nevertheless, he was afraid to lose his job and the church, this is one of reasons he would not run away. At last he chose to marry Polly, because in other hand he remembered by her kind to him. Although, in his thought perhaps he really loved Polly. He imagined they would have a happy life if they married perhaps.

WW1888 essays

WW1888 essays World war I began in the Balkans, which was the same place many small war took place. Archduke Francis Ferdinand was the heir of the throne of Austria-Hungary; he hoped that his sympathy for the Slavs would ease the tension between Austria-Hungary and the Balkans. He and his wife had arranged to tour Bosnia. As the couple rode through Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, an Asian by the name of Gavrillo Principe jumped on their car and fired two shots. Francis and Sophie, did almost instantly, Gavirle Principe, was linked to a Serbian terrorist group called the Block hand. The Assignation gave Austria-Hungary a good reason to crush Serbia, a lay time emerge in the Balkans. But first they gained Germanys promise to support them in any action they took against Serbia. Then they sent Serbia a list of Humiliating demands on July 23. Serbia accepted most of the demands and offered to have the rest settled by an international conference. Austria-Hungary rejected the offer and declared war on Serbia on July 28 1914. It was expected to be a quick victory. Germany had a war plan witch had been prepared by Alfred von Schliffer in 1905. Schliffen was the chief of the German General staff; witch was a group of officials who provided advice on military operations. The plan assumed Germany would have to fight both France and Russia a quick defeat of France while Russia was slowly mobilizing. After they defeated France they would have to deal with Russia. If war came Germany would have to strike first. After the plan was put in motion, the system of military alliances almost assured a general European war. The plan said that there was suppose to be 2 wing of the German army to come in and crush the French arm in a pinchers move. The left wing would be smaller to defeat Germany along side of France. The larger right wing was supposed to invade French in through Belgium, encircle and capture the capitol of France and then move east. This plan relied...

Powers of the President and Public Policies Essay

Powers of the President and Public Policies - Essay Example These powers are exercised at the federal level. The main instrument of discharging these powers is the executive order. Executive orders are issued by the President to provide rules and regulations for the federal agencies along with key matters of national interest. The President also has extensive legislative powers. Firstly, the Constitution of the United States is highly rigid and secondly, the US Congress is often subject to the rulings of the President’s own party. Actually, the general situation in the Congress is that the President’s political party holds the majority of the seats. But even if in such circumstances the President fails to exercise his influence and/or control, he/she may resort to the mechanism of Presidential veto. This veto mechanism helps the President to block Congressional Bills if he/she wishes to do so. However, the President should explain the reason behind such actions. (The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency 2009) Another major power of the President that has a nation wide influence with regard to both federal and state level affairs is the Presidents appointment powers. By the virtue of appointment powers, the President can appoint a wide range of government officials, federal courts’ judges, Supreme Court’s judgers, civil servants, chiefs of federal agencies, etc. In this way, the President can bring persons who agree with his/her policy preferences to powerful positions so that they can implement the President’s public policies in a more effective way. (Walker 2012) An important pejorative power of the President is his/her constitutional ability to convene a special session of Congress. These sessions are meant to debate and decide on major national and/or international issues of contention. This power of the President can be thought of as a power that lies in the borderline of both

Red Ball Express Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Red Ball Express - Research Paper Example In comparison to such scenarios of war from the past, the modern way of warfare is quite different in terms of dimension and pace. In today’s time, due to automated and mechanized forces, long distances can be crossed at a velocity that could previously not be perceived by the best war leaders of the old era. With the invention of automated and mechanized armed forces, expedite transportation became possible. However, along with this speed of transportation, a new requirement developed. Inventing new, highly capable fuels in abundant amounts was now required to sufficiently maintain and run these engines of mechanized war equipment. Further comparison of the ancient times of warfare to the modern day situation illustrates that previously the armies had to keep sufficient supplies of goods like barley, hay and oats for the long distances that had to be covered. This has now been replaced by the need to ensure supply of energy sources like petroleum, oil and other lubricants, PO L, which constitutes the ‘modern-day’ need of the United States army. The older techniques of warfare started to fade and the army started the usage of vehicles and trucks in warfare since the year 1911. The Red Ball Express was a creation during the period of the Second World War for the management of the supplies during the war. There were many underlying reasons that led to the formation of the Red Ball Express and then to its discontinuation (Anders 2011). In the year 1918, on November 15th, the Third Army was formed and because of its efficient working and success in its operations, it was given the authority of handling the functioning and working of the Red Ball Express. They had the power to control the posting of the units of the Red Ball Express according to their decisions. Following its formation, the Third Army was given a high command with regard to all the army decisions during the periods of wars. The Third Army played an active role in the Second World War; it trained armed forces for the purpose of the war. Its success was indicated by the victory of the army against the Nazis of Germany (Province 2011). The Third Army was inactivated from duties of war and the army was given administrative duties in the year 1947. It was completely abolished in the year 1973. However, an insight of history shows that on 3rd December, 1982, an official function was done at Fort McPherson to officially announce the same status of the Third Army as before. Third U.S. Army was activated again. The army was to be regulated by Lt. Gen. M. Collier Ross. High profile army personnel were present at the occasion (Pike 2011). Keeping in mind the overall aspects that gave birth to mechanized and fast paced wars, it can be said that World War II was the first war which utilized all the technological innovations and modern warfare techniques. Due to exceptionally high consumption of POL, throughout the war the demand remained sky high in most of the countries of the world. TORCH, an operation that initiated in North Africa was a very small scale project but still its requirements of fuel were as high as ten million gallons. â€Å"Blitz†, which was basically a 5 gallon container, was manufactured by Allied logistics, and these were brought to use. Not only this, a number of oil tankers, trucks and pipelines that carried oil were utilized to meet the increasing oil demands. These preparations were basically for the

An investigation into issues surrounding consumer online purchasing Dissertation

An investigation into issues surrounding consumer online purchasing influenced by Facebook and Twitter - Dissertation Example A primary research method was used and a survey instrument with 30 questions based on the Likert scale was used. This was administered to a research sample of 200 and the responses analysed using SPSS. Findings from the research indicate that fashion firms use a number of methods and tools for promotion. These include Facebook posts, online reviews, and posts about latest events, trends, celebrity wear, online galleries, discounts and promotion codes. In addition they use eWord of Mouth advertising, buzz marketing and viral marketing. Facebook has also introduced Facebook stores that are micro sites for small and medium enterprises and introduced the Facebook Commerce, which is similar to e-Commerce but based on the Facebook marketplace. Facebook users place a high level of reliance and trust on the online reviews and posts and base their purchase decisions on these reviews. The research concludes by indicating that Facebook has emerged as the new marketplace for fashion products sin ce it brings together customers, sellers and hosts promotions and reviews that attract customers. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 13 1. Introduction 13 1.2. Literature review 15 1.2.1. Internet users 15 1.2.3 Online word of mouth 15 1.2.4. Social media 17 1.2.5. Social media marketing 17 1.2.6. Consumer’s purchase decision behaviour 19 1.3. Research Aims and Objectives 21 1.4. Time schedule 21 1.5 Resources 23 2. Literature Review 23 2. Literature Review 23 2.1. Decision making with Facebook 25 2.1.1. Items purchased with social media 29 2.1. 2. Facebook for selling and buying 29 2.1.3. Emergence of Facebook Store 35 2.1.4. Emergence of Facebook F-Commerce 37 2.2. Word of mouth and e-Word of mouth 39 Figure 2.1. Model for branding in eWoM (Jansen, et al, 2009) 39 2.3. Communication through social media 41 2.3.1. Buzz Marketing 43 2.3.2. Viral Marketing 45 2.4. Summary of the literature review 47 3. Methodology 49 3. Methodology 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Research Objectives 51 3.3 Research Philosophy 53 3.3.1 Deductive Approach 53 3.4 Research Design 55 3.4.1 Primary and Secondary Data 55 3.4.2 Quantitative Method 59 3.5 Sampling 61 3.6 Survey 63 3.6.1 Survey Design 63 3.6.2 Survey Limitations 65 3.7 Research Limitations 67 3.8. Summary 67 4. Findings and Analysis 69 4. Findings and Analysis 69 4.1. Analysis of various groups in the survey 69 Q1. I use Facebook to look at fashion items that inspire my own wardrobe. 71 Q2. I enjoy using Facebook because it gives me access to fashion ideas I would not otherwise have. 71 Q3. I use Facebook to look at celebrity styles and fashion items 73 Q4. The fashion item posts I see on Facebook inspire me to buy the same things. 75 Q5. I am compelled to buy fashion items to fit in with my friends who post their items on Facebook. 77 Q6. I use Facebook for fashion inspiration because it is free and I have constant access to it unlike fashion magazines. 77 Q7. I buy fashion items spontaneously 79 Q8. I am easily influe nced to purchase items because of fashion posts 81 Q9. I follow fashion on Facebook because it is updated much quicker than any other modes of media. 81 Q10. Once I purchase a new fashion item I post the details on Facebook 83 Q11. I actively search for fashion advice posted by people and pages on Facebook 85 Q12. I mostly use Facebook to be able to see what everyone else is wearing 87 Q13. I trust in the recommendations on products through Facebook 87 Q14. I take advice from Facebook and research online before a purchasing decision. 89 Q15. I am likely to be influenced to buy a particular brand if it is

Placement report Essay Example for Free

Placement report Essay N.V. Elmar (Naamloze Vennootschap Electriciteit-Maatschappij Aruba) is in charge of providing electricity in Aruba. Formerly, the company’s name is N.V. ELECTRA founded by Mr. John G. Eman in 1950. After his death, his wife Mrs. F. van der Biest-Eman took over his place and continued the company’s operation. In November 9, 1950, N.V. ELECTRA discusses with Parliament the dealings of providing electricity in Aruba at the public’s interest. Under this discourse, the company had experienced several issues. ELECTRA then becomes a government property after the approving the proposal. Within the proposal, the company specifies itself to be under the control of OGEM N.V. located at the city of Rotterdam, Holland. Its first operation in November 15, 1950, N.V. Elmar has the capacity of 3000 KW with three diesel engines and eventually increased in 1958 buying a power station with a capacity of 15,000 KW. However, in 1982, OGEM experienced bankruptcy and decided to sell its shares of N.V. Elmar to Utilities Aruba N.V. owned by the government. Now, the company proudly states of its financial stability and management under the limits of concession (elmar.aw, 2004). Now, Elmar has a number of 163 employees and approximately 33,000 consumers on the island of Aruba. Island of Aruba   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Serviced by the N.V. Elmar, Aruba is a Carribean island 24 km west coast of Venezuela. Of the three Dutch Islands, Aruba is the smallest having an area of 194 km2 with eight regions, namely, Noord / Tanki Leendert, Oranjestad (West), Oranjestad (East), Paradera, Santa Cruz, Savaneta, Sint Nicolas (North) and Sint Nicolas (South). The official language used is Dutch, particularly in education, mass media and civil service. Another language, is Papiamento, second to English as the main language in the island. The population also speaks of Spanish, a prevalent language in upper grades of primary schools (Elmar, 2006). Role in the Company   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because I hold a position in the Human Resources Department, most of my concerns are on employee benefits, recruitment and other employee related issue. Six months in N.V. Elmar has undoubtedly reached my capacity as an employee in the Human Resources Department. Two of their projects for employees, health and wellness program and monetary rewards will be discussed as the main concept of this report. Methodology Research Design   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elmar, like any other company, has major concerns on their employees. To address, this, the company initiated a corporate Health and Wellness program. In this program, the awareness of employees on health related issues and quality of life are substantially relayed. The company has outlined the procedures by giving employees education and promotion on health programs, and orientation and coordination of health assistance. Primarily, it is important to know what the general health status in the island is. Some of the researches made convey of obesity as the primary contributor to life-limiting illnesses in Aruba. The reasons for a high rate in the island are the decreased deprivation of food and a sedentary lifestyle. Aruba is a developed country and in most studies, countries in this state have high incidences of obesity especially on families with lower household income. Often, the quality of food is overlooked wherein buying foods high in calorie and fat is rampant. In a survey conducted in 1991-1992, 67% of the Aruba population is overweight. Moreover, this finding affects both sexes. Next study was conducted in 1995 to 1996 showing the nutritional state of first up to fifth grade overweight. Approximately, 13.4 to 14% of the first graders are overweight and 26.1 to 29.4% of the fifth graders experience obesity. A more recent study in 2004 by Dr. Richard Visser stated that of the 367 children studied, 133 were obese, the number of underweight children is 18, and the remaining 216 were healthy. Significantly, Visser found out that one factor of the growing population concerning obesity in oner population is the unawareness and disregard as a public concern. Hence, attention such treatment and proper education about being obese is insufficient.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Monetary and Non-Monetary rewards are essential for performance improvement of employees. Though we may see that vision, mission, and goals would be enough motivating entities in employee performance, still, these direct costs will provide a meaningful and prosperous stay in the company. In the monetary rewards, as the name implies, more of salary additions are being worked upon while the non-monetary rewards focus on recognizing the employee capability on work and other areas. Elmar Company has an incentives and rewards system, wherein it compensates, reinforces, and encourage enhancement of employee duties. In these types, providing incentives and rewards may focus on team or individual distribution. Moreover, the essentiality of these programs for employee performance, will direct work efforts in advantage to the mission, vision and goals of the company. Incentives and rewards are given to teams, organizations, or individuals in the company that exceed the company’s expectations. Procedures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elmar company has outlined its goals and objectives in preparing the health and wellness programs. In this way, the company will properly monitor how the program is advancing towards the organization’s benefits. The company’s concern for its employees marks the unity of the two in a system of social relations. Upon noting the principles held by the company in this program, the statement now implies that there is the importance for maintenance, prevention, and promotion of health status of employees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The vision of the company in pursuing this project is to develop an advanced and efficient program for the health and wellness of the company. Conceptual perceptions about this vision are: Corporate health and wellness means work with the employees of Elmar. Corporate health and wellness underlines the positive dimensions of health. Corporate health and wellness has to involve different groups, organizations and institutions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Subsequently, the company has marked the strategic and operational objectives for this program. Strategic objectives cover the expected results upon reinforcement of the program while the operational objective sees how the actual procedure must perform on the employees. The following are the strategic objectives: To reduce medical costs and disability costs: many companies have found that they can significantly reduce the cost of employee health care benefits by proactively promoting health, safety and wellness. To reduce absenteeism: numerous studies have found that employee wellness programs can significantly reduce employee absenteeism. To enhance productivity: many studies have linked health risks with reduced employee productivity and have found that healthier workers are more productive. To improve general health and well being. (Corporate Health and Wellness Program, 2006: 12) While these are the operational objectives: Structure and develop corporate health and wellness programs and activities according to priorities established. These programs c.q. activities are directed to the individual employee, Elmar as an organization and the community of Aruba. Establish and reinforce collaborative relations with organizations in the community, government, and NGO’s, related to the development of specific projects in corporate health and wellness. Generate an employee data bank related to the risk factors in health and wellness that can be used to generate assistance, prevention and education programs. Develop educational activities for the employees that can reinforce the actions of promotion in corporate health and wellness. (Corporate Health and Wellness Program, 2006: 12).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To start the program, first, the company must identify which are the employee needs prior to implementing operational objectives. In order to have an appropriate amount of data, the company will have to conduct as survey amongst its employees, invite an organization that will manage the physical examination among employees and facilitate education about eating healthy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The monetary and non-monetary programs will take effect on employee’s performance level. Generally, it enhances the performance to satisfy or exceed the objectives. Examples of Monetary incentives are: Performance awards – monetary incentives that reward employees upon performance that exceeds the expectation of the company. Observation of giving this award is through formal performance ratings of record on the appraisal period. Special act or service awards – one-time awards like lump sum for employees that had done a specific task from performance. Judgment in this kind of award comes from the first line supervisors. Quality Step increases – gives employees faster than normal progression by facilitating stepped rates and a permanent increase in basic pay. Time Off awards – granting employees leave without charging their annual leave. Gain Sharing – a system, wherein both the company and the employee gain improved productivity. In this system, the company measures the productivity of employees, which in turn gives additional income to the company, then, the employees and involved organization will benefit through associated earnings of the company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non-monetary incentives may be tangible or incentives that have more bases on rewards like trophies, medals, certificates, and plaques. Moreover, this kind of incentive may take an intangible position, for example, if an employee has exceeded the expectation of the company, the organization may include training opportunities and assignment of employees to a more meaningful, challenging, and prestigious kind of work. Even though these incentives may not have much value directly on budget, some studies have shown that this becomes more important as motivating factors for employee performance. The Report SWOT Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SWOT (which stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) is a type of management observation on the overall performance of an organization. This method is often used on businesses because results can be easily transformed in other business philosophy like Porter’s five forces. Generally, the SWOT analysis has effect on overall evaluation when one factor has a cited defect or disadvantage. The strengths and weaknesses are the internal factors while the external factors are the opportunities and threats (marketingteacher.com, 2007). Strengths The strengths of the health and wellness program are in aspects of giving educational awareness to employees considering health problems, disease prevention, and health status. Hence, employee performance may increase. Moreover, productivity may increase because of reduced absenteeism, medical insurance policies, and cost effective strategies. The strengths of monetary and non-monetary incentives take effect on employee and company relationship. Employees regard much of their work because of these rewards, which in turn will not only increase productivity but also enhance the quality of products and services as well. In addition, if properly examined, is the preservation and maintenance of employees with exceptional skills and abilities. Weaknesses Apparently, the weaknesses of health and wellness programs are the appropriate participation of employees particularly in health awareness programs. The individual may listen to these lectures but do not apply them in real life. One weakness of incentives is on the monetary rewards. Generally, monetary rewards have the â€Å"amounts† in order to make employee performance more successful and productive. However, some employees may look at incentive as the central mark of their performance rather than cling on the vision and mission of the organization. In addition, not all employees may non-monetary rewards as a moral perspective, because some employees may develop envy among their co-workers if abundantly present in most of the incentive policies. Opportunities A big opportunity for health and wellness program is to widen the controlled areas in health provisions such as insurance policies and discounts on medical services. The company may also generate proper motivation of these programs when medical specialists are very much involved with the program. There should always be continuity with this kind of program because health is a very essential to an individual. In monetary incentives and non-monetary incentives, monitoring units for choosing which of the employees will gain the award should have a regard. In this way, proper evaluation of the programs will provide trust to employees that the awardees deserve. Hence, envy will not have its place in the organization. Threats The health and wellness program should look unto costs prevalently diverse in most health programs like medicines, fees of professionals and other related issues on economic changes in effect to medical facilities. One threat in monetary programs is that there may be possibilities of lost on the best employees if monitoring is not properly achieved. Hence, the probability of giving good services and products may have hindrances. Reflection   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As part of this project, I have noticed the essentiality of the company and employee relationship. Seeing how Elmar valued this social interaction, the severity to serve the company is overwhelming yet incomparable to what I have seen on other organizations. Both the company and its employees are very much interested on the productivity and quality of service. Furthermore, I have seen the social impact of the health and wellness project, as it projects how the society has evolved from a simple unit to a larger unit of the company because it affects the employee performance. Monetary and non-monetary incentives are appropriate sources of motivating employees on the vision and mission of the company but proper attention on the monitoring and evaluation of awardees should be considered, as this could affect trust amongst employees. I think these are apparent objectives after the actual placement: Enhance productivity due to reduced absenteeism and proper well-being. Reduced medical costs because of subsequent education of employees on health related issues. Educational activities for employees in areas like Roll in â€Å"Wit Gele Kruis† for yearly check ups and mini health fair. Monetary Rewards has succeeded in increasing productivity. Non-monetary rewards have increased company commitment among employees. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Questionnaire results were positive, looking at the overall performance of corporate health and wellness programs. This survey will generally help the family to be aware in eating the right food and proper diet to reduce the medical costs. The mini survey has given positive results and future benefits to most employees. On the other hand, monetary and non-monetary incentives will help in motivating employees of their performance level and commitment to the company. There is also a great probability of preserving and acquiring employees with exceptional talents and skills. Bibliography N.V. Elmar. â€Å"About Us.† 2004 29 January 2008 http://www.elmar.aw/info/content/wp_aboutus.jsp SWOT Analysis. 29 January 2008 http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_swot.htm

Employee Involvement in Decision Making

Employee Involvement in Decision Making McCabe and Lewin (cited in Dundon et al., 2004) termed employee voice as a way of   expressing complaints or grievances or dissatisfaction and the participation and involvement of employees in decision making process of organization. During the last two decades, revolutionary steps that have been initiated to facilitate the high performance working mainly focused on increasing the ways of joint consultation, which attracts both employers (who demand better business results) and employees (who demand recognition and protection of employee rights) (CIPD, 2009). Employee voice is a very important factor in the success of an organization. Dundon et al. (2004) argues that successful voice regimes not only positively affect the performance of employees in terms of quality and productivity but also help to negate the issues which might explode otherwise. Opportunities of Employee voice are believed to be associated with the employee turnover. According to (Spencer,1986)employees will   show more interest in staying with the organization if they have more opportunities to express their dissatisfaction, grievances and to change the unsatisfactory work conditions. Collective bargaining and joint consultation have been the main spotlight of industrial relations as far as employee voice is concerned According to Boxall and Purcell (2003) in the industrial relations, the main focus for representation of employee voice has been on the collective bargaining and consultation. Freeman (1976) defined unions as the institutions of collective voice in the labour market. He further asserted that collective forums, for voicing employee issues are more effective in some situations as they help strengthening worker communities and provide a direct mean of communication between them and management; but Addison and Belfields (2004) findings tend to negate these arguments as according to them more formalized union structure may create a communication gap between workers and management, because they have to deal with their issues through a third party. Freeman and Medoff (1984) argued that union plays a vital role in minimizing turnover rate as they provide employees with the voice mechanisms through which they can rectify the work related problems and can negotiate higher compensation packages . Their arguments are supported by Batt, Colvin and Keefe (2002), who believes that employees in union set-ups are expected to have higher compensation than they could earn in similar jobs in non-union set-up and secondly unions strengthen employees, by providing them with a voice in determining policies that reduce the pay inequality, grievance and arbitration procedures for appealing managerial decisions Employee voice refers to the two dimensional dialogue between management and employees which allows employees to give their feedback and express their concerns and griefs relating to matters affecting them. Employee voice is not a one-off phenomenon as employees like to put their   suggestions for improvements and express griefs on a continuing basis. (Landau, 2009) Employee voice not only helps employees to improve performance but it is good in principle (Wilkinson 2001). It is a fundamental right of each employee to know the information regarding the financial and organizational performance of the organization   and express their concerns about the work conditions or feed any ideas which they feel will be beneficial and helpful in achieving the long term goals of the organization. Employee involvement (EI) and employee participation (EP) have been given much importance in the employee relations literature for a long time. Employee involvement is normally initiated by the management and it takes place at lower levels of organization sharing information at the shop floor on matters that effect their day to day working not allowing them to give their opinion about the higher lever decision making., on the other hand ,employee participation is driven by indirect means of representation like unions and advice councils etc and its aimed at higher levels of the organization concerning matters of long term importance (Ackers et al,2003). Employee voice plays an important role in increasing commitment. Sensitive financial and organizational information is shared with employees. These symbolic gestures can make them feel they are trust worthy and being treated fairly and openly and they are an important asset for the organization. (Marchington,Wilkinson, 2005 pp77). This commitment can lead to improved performance as committed employees put extra discretionary effort in to the work. Landau, 2009 concludes that employees who express their voice and their voice is accepted and appreciated are more committed,more likely to stay in the organization, have good attitudes about their immediate managers and feel more secure as compare to those who speak up unsuccessfully. Downward communication takes place in almost all the organizations, different kind of mediums are used to brief employees about the current issues faced by the organization. Employee voice can pave a way for more conducive and open work environment to work in.(Wilkinson,2004)   Financial participation not only helps employee to contribute towards the success of the organizatioan but also help them take their fair share of company profits. (Marchington,2005) It is argued that employees will be more likely to accept decisions in which they involved. Employees will be in a right /better position to perform if they know what is expected from them and what is the situation of the organization. Participation can lead to less conflict and increased team work spirit. There is compelling logic in favour of effective employee involvement.regular provision of relevant information to employees together with consultation on management proposal on issues, promotes a shared commitment to the objectives of an organization, this in turn maintains a positive climate in which employees are motivated to contribute to business success which benefits both employer and employees alike. Direct participation: direct participation means that the employees themselves express their opinion and say over matters affecting them on the contrast, indirect participation means that a third party e.g trade union or advice council represents the right of the employees (Guest, Fatchett, 1974). In top down problem solving, workers may feel that they are being lectured and not listened to ,where as in bottom up approach,employees may feel that management is using their ideas and suggestions without giving them any reward. A feeling of powerlessness decreases loyalty and commitment in employees, it is important to tap new ideas and suggestions from lower level employees as there are more close to the customer the workplace. There are more chances of having more satisfied employees if they genuinely being involved. Transformational leadership encourages their subordinates to give suggestions or report grievances or anything they are dissatisfied with because of their natural instinct towards improvement rather than just maintaining the status quo. These initiatives help the employees to perceive/discover their value for the organization and results in more committed and enthusiastic work force which is fundamental to the achievement of long term goals and objectives (Detort, 2007) References Derek Rollinson ,2005 pp56 Organizational behaviour and analysis, an integrated approach,3rd edition,prentice hall publishers. Wilkinson, A.(2001) Empowerment, in M. Warner (ed.)International Encyclopaedia of Business and Management(London:ineternational Thomson Business Press) Dr. Tony Bennett, 2007 The significance of employee voice mechanisms in the workplace: Employee participation in the new global economyPaper for submission to the Work, Employment and Society Conference held at Aberdeen University September 12th to 14th September Peter Ackers, Mick Marchington, Adrian Wilkinson ,Tony Dundon,2003 .Partnership and Voice, with or without trade unions: changing UK management approaches to organizational participation. Research series Paper 4 Peter Ackers, Mick Marchington, Adrian Wilkinson ,Tony Dundon,2004 Changing Patterns of Employee Voice: Case Studies from the UK and Republic of Ireland Mick Marchington, Adrian Wilkinson, ,2005 Human Resource   Management at Work, third edition,CIPD Jacqueline Landau, 2009, When Employee Voice is Met by Deafears, SAM Advanced Management Journal ,pp 4 -12 James R.Detort,2007 Leadership behaviours and employee voice,Is the door really open,Academy of management journal,Vol 50,no 4, 869-884 David Guest,Derek Fatchett 1974 ,Worker Participation: Individual Control and Performance ,institute of personnel management ,pp13 Mick Marchington,2005 ,Employee Involvement: Patterns ans Explanations ,Participation and Democracy at Work, essays in honour of Harvie Ramsay, pp27 palgrave macmillan CANNEL, M., 2009. Employee Voice [online]. CIPD. http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/empreltns/comconslt/empvoice.html DUNDON, T., WILKINSON, A., MARCHINGTON, M., and ACKERS, P., (2004) Changing Patterns of Employee Voice: Case Studies from the UK and Republic of Ireland The Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 298-322 SPENCER, D.G., (1986) Employee Voice and Employee Retention Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 488-502.

health care :: essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What conventional economic principles apply in the health care environment? Economics is defined as â€Å"The scientific study of the choices made by individuals and societies in regard to the alternative uses of scarce resources which are employed to satisfy wants (Rodda, 2004).† The health care environment is based off of uncertainty (i.e. accidents, death, etc) thus, we can expect a large amount of uncertainty towards the future. Since we know there is a lot of risk and uncertainty involved, we also know these are major measurements that the study of economics researches. Economics has some basic principles that are crucial to its theory. For instance, supply and demand is an important principle that affects the health care environment. What we know from this is that when demand rises, prices increase, and when supply rises, prices decrease. Currently, we can see this in Medicaid and Medicare today as demand for these services continue to increase as more older people continue to live longer lives. Another issue is costs. Costs are skyrocketing for healthcare and many can no longer afford it. The cost of healthcare continues to rise and many more are becoming uninsured. Another factor is a labor shortage. Nursing, and other areas in the hospital are becoming dangerously problematic. According to The American Association of College Nursing (AACN) between 1995 and 2002 the number of U.S. educated nursing school graduates who sat for the national licensure exam for RNs decreased from 96,438 to 66,286. They also stated that by 2010 more than a million new and replacement nurses will be needed because of increased health care demands and retirements. The average age of working RNs in 2000 was 43. health care :: essays research papers 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What conventional economic principles apply in the health care environment? Economics is defined as â€Å"The scientific study of the choices made by individuals and societies in regard to the alternative uses of scarce resources which are employed to satisfy wants (Rodda, 2004).† The health care environment is based off of uncertainty (i.e. accidents, death, etc) thus, we can expect a large amount of uncertainty towards the future. Since we know there is a lot of risk and uncertainty involved, we also know these are major measurements that the study of economics researches. Economics has some basic principles that are crucial to its theory. For instance, supply and demand is an important principle that affects the health care environment. What we know from this is that when demand rises, prices increase, and when supply rises, prices decrease. Currently, we can see this in Medicaid and Medicare today as demand for these services continue to increase as more older people continue to live longer lives. Another issue is costs. Costs are skyrocketing for healthcare and many can no longer afford it. The cost of healthcare continues to rise and many more are becoming uninsured. Another factor is a labor shortage. Nursing, and other areas in the hospital are becoming dangerously problematic. According to The American Association of College Nursing (AACN) between 1995 and 2002 the number of U.S. educated nursing school graduates who sat for the national licensure exam for RNs decreased from 96,438 to 66,286. They also stated that by 2010 more than a million new and replacement nurses will be needed because of increased health care demands and retirements. The average age of working RNs in 2000 was 43.